VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column--Cervical Region Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
A
the two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
2
Q
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
ant bear, three toed sloth
3
Q
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebras?
A
two toed sloth, manatee
4
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
A
seven
5
Q
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
A
C3-C6
6
Q
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
A
C1, C2, C7
7
Q
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
A
rectangular
8
Q
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
A
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
9
Q
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
A
posterior or kyphotic
10
Q
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
the intervertebral disc height
11
Q
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
anterior or lordotic
12
Q
Which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height?
A
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
13
Q
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
A
C5/C6
14
Q
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
A
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
15
Q
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
A
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
16
Q
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
17
Q
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior longitudinal ligament-posterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
18
Q
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
A
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
19
Q
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
A
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
20
Q
How many joints are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
A
five
21
Q
How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
A
five
22
Q
How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
A
ten
23
Q
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
A
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
24
Q
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces?
A
the uncinate process and lateral groove
25
How many total synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
four
26
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion-extension and requiring couple motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
27
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
the longus colli muscle
28
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
posterolateral, 45 degrees
29
In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?
neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
30
What is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
posteromedially
31
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
ligamentum flavum
32
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
33
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
para-articular processes
34
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
accessory bone
35
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
heterotopic bone
36
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
heart-shaped or triangular
37
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervicals?
transverse
38
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at _____?
C6
39
What osseous parts form the typical cervical vertebra transverse processes?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
40
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
41
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
splenius capitis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
42
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
43
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
44
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
45
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
46
What is the name give to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
47
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
48
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
49
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
50
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55 to 60 degrees
51
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
52
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
53
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
54
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
55
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
56
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
57
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
58
The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
59
What motions are couple in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation
60
Ranges in coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
61
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
62
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
they are bifid
63
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
they are non-bifid
64
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the spinalis cervicis, simispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
65
What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
66
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
67
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
68
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch/incisure
69
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch/incisure
70
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
71
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
72
What features are lacking at C1?
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
73
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
the anterior arch
74
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior tubercle
75
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
76
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
77
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
the fovea dentis
78
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
79
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
80
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
81
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
82
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
83
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
84
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
85
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
86
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
87
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of posterior arch
88
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
89
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
90
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
91
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
92
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
93
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital was observed?
about age 7 years old
94
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a comple ponticulus posticus
95
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate forament or retroarticular canal
96
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
97
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1% - 4%
98
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
99
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus?
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; the incidence of an incomplet ponticulus posticus may be as high as forty-one percent
100
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
101
Whats muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalen, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
102
What suboccipital muscles are know to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
103
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
104
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
105
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
106
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
107
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous senuses of the neck
108
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
109
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
110
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
111
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
112
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
113
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
114
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
115
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
116
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
117
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
118
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
lordotic dens
119
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
120
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone
121
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
five
122
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
123
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial plane (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
124
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
125
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
126
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
127
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
128
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanta-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
129
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
130
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
131
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
132
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
133
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
134
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters
135
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
136
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
137
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
138
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
139
What names may be give to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
140
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
141
What names is given only to C7?
vertebral prominens
142
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
143
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
144
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
145
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
146
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
147
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
148
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
149
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
150
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
151
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
152
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
153
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
154
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
155
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrovasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
156
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
157
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial ligament
158
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital ligament
159
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
160
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
161
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
162
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
163
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
164
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
165
What joint classifications are present at C2?
synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
166
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
167
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
168
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
169
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
170
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
171
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
172
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, inervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
173
What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
174
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL), C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
175
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BUM), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
176
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1 = five, C2 = eight, C3-C6 = eight, C7 = six
177
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1 = none, C2 = ten, C3-C6 = ten, C7 = eight
