VICTIMOLOGY

Question 1

Victimology was coined in the

Answer 1

mid-1900s

Question 2

Victimology first emerged in the

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1940s and ’50s

Question 3

A person or property was harmed, the victim and victim’s family seek justice. So
that

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Lex Talionis (Law of Retaliation)

Question 4

– the execution or casting out of a person or animal to satisfy a deity or hierarchy.

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scapegoat

Question 5

Scientific study of the psychological effects of crime and the relationship between
victims and offender

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VICTIMOLOGY

Question 6

Examine victim patterns and tendencies.

Answer 6

VICTIMOLOGY

Question 7

Study of the ways in which the behavior of crime victims may have led to or
contributed to their victimization.

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VICTIMOLOGY

Question 8

Include the relationship between victims and offender, victims and criminal
justice system, and victims and other social groups and institutions, such as
media, business, and social movements.

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VICTIMOLOGY

Question 9

Branch of criminology that deals about the factors of victimization and
contributory role of the victims in the crime

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VICTIMOLOGY

Question 10

Scientific study of crime victims

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VICTIMOLOGY

Question 11

focuses on helping victims heal after a crime

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VICTIMOLOGY

Question 12

concerned with fostering recovery

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VICTIMOLOGISTS

Question 13

aim to understand the criminals motives and the underlying causes of crimes.

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CRIMINOLOGY

Question 14

prevention and seek to understand the social impact of crimes

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CRIMINOLOGOGISTS

Question 15

the state, quality or fact of being a victim

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VICTIMITY

Question 16

a person who victimizes others.

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VICTIMIZER

Question 17

Victim Characteristics

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Age
Gender
Social Status
Marital Status
RACE
RESIDENCE

Question 18

– Urban residents are more likely than rural or sub – urban residents to become victims of crime.

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RESIDENCE

Question 19

– In the U.S., African Americans (blacks) are more likely than whites to be
victims of violent crime

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RACE

Question 20

– divorced and never – married males and females are victimized
more often than married people. Widows and widowers have the lowest
victimization risk.

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MARITAL STATUS

Question 21

– People in the lowest income categories are much more likely to
become crime victims than those who are more affluent. Poor individuals are
most likely the victims of crime because they live in crime – prone areas.
Although the poor are more likely to suffer violent crimes, the wealthy are more
likely to be targets of personal theft crimes, such as pocket picking and purse
(bag) snatching.

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SOCIAL STATUS

Question 22

– except for the crimes of rape and sexual assault, males are more likely
than females to suffer violent crime. Men are twice as likely as women to
experience aggravated assault and robbery. Women, however, are six times more
likely than men to be victims of rape or sexual assault

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GENDER

Question 23

Victim data reveal that young people face a much greater victimization
risk that do older persons.

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AGE

Question 24

When men are the victims of violent crime, the perpetrator is a stranger; women
are much more likely to be attacked by a relative that are men. About two – thirds of
all attacks against women are committed by a husband, boyfriend, family member, or
acquaintance.

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GENDER

Question 25

Three Kinds of Crime Victim

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1. Direct or Primary Crime Victim 2. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim 3. Tertiary Crime Victims

Question 26

- This kind of victim directly suffers the harm or injury which is physical, psychological, and economic losses.

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Direct or Primary Crime Victim

Question 27

- Victims who experience the harm second hand, such as intimate partners or significant others of rape victims or children of a battered woman. This may include family members of the primary victims. However, Karmen (2007) also included first responders and rescue workers who race to crime scenes (such as police officers, forensic evidence technicians, paramedics, firefighters and the like) as secondary victims because they are also exposed to emergencies and trauma on such a routine basis and that they also need emotional support themselves

Answer 27

Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim

Question 28

- Victims who experience the harm vicariously, such as through media accounts, the scared public or community due to watching news regarding crime incidents

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Tertiary Crime Victims

Question 29

German Criminologist & Author, “The Criminal and His Victim: Studies in the Sociobiology of Crime.”

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HANS VON HENTIG

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Determined that some of the same characteristics that produce crime also produce victimization

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HANS VON HENTIG

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Developed a typology on the degree to which the victims contributed to causing the criminal act

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HANS VON HENTIG

Question 32

Consider that the victims may provoke victimization, acting as agents provocateurs, based on their characteristics

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HANS VON HENTIG

Question 33

10 Victims Categories based on their propensity for Victimization:

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1. Young; 2. Females; 3. Old; 4. Immigrants 5. Depressed/ Lonesome/Heartbroken 6. Mentally Defective/Deranged; 7. The Acquisitive; 8. Dull Normal; 9. Minorities; 10. Tormentor

Question 34

Father of Victimology

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BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN

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Coined the relationship between victims and criminals that they knew each other and had some kind of existing relationship

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BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN

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Victims bear no responsibility for their victimization, based on their behaviors or actions, do

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BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN

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6 Degree of Categories of Victims:

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1. Completely innocent victim 2. Victim with minor guilt 3. Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim 4. Victim more than offender 5. Most guilty victim 6. Simulating or imaginary victim

Question 38

No responsibility at all; Victimized simply because of his/her nature.

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Completely innocent victim

Question 39

Victimized due to ignorance; Inadvertently places himself/herself in harm’s nature.

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Victim with minor guilt

Question 40

Who bears as much responsibility as the offender.

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Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim

Question 41

Who instigates/provokes his/her own victimization

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Victim more than offender

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Victim is not victimized; Fabricates a victimization event

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Simulating or imaginary victim

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Victimized during the perpetration of a crime

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Most guilty victim

Question 44

First person to empirically investigate victim precipitation.

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MARVIN WOLFGANG

Question 45

Classic study of homicides occurring in Philadelphia.

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MARVIN WOLFGANG

Question 46

Classic study of homicides occurring in Philadelphia.

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MARVIN WOLFGANG

Question 47

26% of all Homicides in Philadelphia

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MARVIN WOLFGANG

Question 48

3 Factors that common to victim-precipitated homicide:

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a) The victim and offender had some prior interpersonal relationship; b) There was a series of escalating disagreements between the parties; and c) The victim had consumed alcohol.

Question 49

Victimologist & Author, “The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional Responsibility.”

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STEPHEN SCHAFER

Question 50

Classifies victims on the basis of their “functional responsibilitY"

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STEPHEN SCHAFER

Question 50

7 Categories and labeled their levels of responsibility

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1. Unrated victims – no responsibility 2. Provocative victims – share responsibility 3. Precipitative victims - some degree of responsibility 4. Biologically weak victims – no responsibility 5. Socially weak victims – no responsibility 6. Self-victimizing – total responsibility 7. Political victims – no responsibility

Question 50

His study shows that victims precipitated their own rapes and also identified common attributes. As results, rapes were likely to involve alcohol, the victim was likely to engage in seductive behavior, likely to wear revealing clothing, likely to use risqué language and she likely had a bad reputation. Women are largely responsible for their own victimization.

Answer 50

MENACHEM AMIR

Question 51

Student of Wolfgang, conducted an empirical investigation about rape incidents that were reported to the police

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MENACHEM AMIR

Question 52

First promulgated by Von Hentig in 1941 and applies only to violent victimization.

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

Question 53

People may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

Question 53

First promulgated by Von Hentig in ___ and applies only to violent victimization.

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1941

Question 54

Its basic premise is that by acting in certain provocative ways, some individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their victimization.

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

Question 54

* How much a victim contribute to his or her own victimization.

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

Question 55

* Extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION

Question 56

* Concept of victim precipitation is rooted in the notion, although some victims are not at all responsible for their victimization.

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION

Question 57

* Involves at least two people – an offender and a victim – both parties are acting and often reacting, before, during, and after incident.

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION

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* It is used to blame the victim while ignoring the offender’s role.

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VICTIM PRECIPITATION

Question 59

2 Types of Victim Precipitation:

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a. Active Precipitation b. Passive Precipitation

Question 60

– it occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first.

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Active Precipitation

Question 61

it occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker. -the crime can occur because of personal conflict. -it also occur when the victim belongs to a group whose mere presence threatens the attacker’s reputation, status, or economic well-being

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Passive Precipitation

Question 62

This is one is found in a variety of criminological studies, from prison riots to strain theories

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BENJAMIN & MATER’S THREEFOLD MODEL

Question 63

BENJAMIN & MATER’S THREEFOLD MODEL

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a. Precipitating Factors b. Attracting factors c. Predisposing factors

Question 63

– These includes time, space, being in the wrong place at the wrong time

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Precipitating Factors

Question 63

posits that persons with certain demographic profiles are more prone to experience criminal victimization because their lifestyles expose risky situations

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LIFE STYLE THEORY

Question 63

– These includes choices, options, lifestyles (the sociological expression ‘’lifestyle’’ refers to daily routine activities as well as special events one engages in on a predictable basis)

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Attracting factors

Question 64

– these includes all the socio – demographic characteristics of victims, being male, being young, being poor, being a minority, living in squalor, being single and being unemployed.

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Predisposing factors

Question 64

The more often victims visit dangerous places, the more likely they will be exposed to crime and violence. Victims do not encourage crime, but are victim prone because they reside in socially disorganized high-crime areas where they have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, irrespective of their own behavior or lifestyle

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DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

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ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY BY

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Cohen and Felson’s (1979)

Question 66

ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY three elements converge:

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a. a motivated offender, b. a suitable target, and c. the absence of a capable guardian

Question 67

This theory includes the routine activities of both offender and victim

Answer 67

ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY