Victimology Flashcards
(20 cards)
How has the view of victims in the CJS changed in recent years?
: Victims are now seen as consumers of the CJS, judged by how well the system meets their needs through support services and surveys.
What change was introduced in 2013 regarding victims of ASB and low-level crime?
: Victims were allowed to help decide out-of-court punishments from a list of options.
Why does the CJS need victims to come forward?
To ensure criminals can be punished, requiring victim confidence in the justice system.
What is the 2002 National Crime Recording Standard?
Prioritized the victim’s account of the crime over police interpretation in England and Wales.
How does the UN define a victim?
Anyone harmed mentally, physically, emotionally, or economically due to legal violations.
What is the Traditional View of Crime Victims?
Typically passive recipients of harm, usually in clear offender-victim relationships.
: What is the Statistical View of Crime Victims?
Focuses on patterns and trends of who becomes a victim (e.g., demographics).
What is the Inverse Victimisation Law?
Those with the least power and resources are most likely to be both victims and offenders.
How does class affect victimisation?
Working and underclass individuals are more likely to be victims due to living conditions; middle class fears crime more.
How does age affect victimisation?
Infants: murder; Teens: theft, violence, sexual crimes; Elderly: abuse.
How does gender affect victimisation?
Men: violent crime & theft; Women: sexual violence, domestic abuse, trafficking.
How does ethnicity affect victimisation?
Ethnic minorities, especially mixed ethnicity, are at higher risk; estimated 106,000 hate crimes per year.
What did Hoyle (2012) find about victim responses?
Identified 12 possible negative emotional responses, e.g., PTSD, anxiety, sleeplessness, poor health.
What is Walklate’s concept of double victimisation (2004)?
Victims may be blamed or discredited during trial by the defense, worsening their trauma.
How does fear of crime impact victims?
Can lead to lifestyle changes and increased anxiety about future victimisation.
What is Positivist Victimology?
Focuses on victim proneness and victim precipitation—how victims may contribute to the crime.
What did Hans Von Hentig propose?
A victim typology with 13 categories (e.g., young, old, depressed, immigrants) showing different levels of contribution to crime.
What is Critical Victimology?
Examines how social structures and power relations influence victimisation and labelling.
What did Mawby and Walklate argue about victimisation?
: It’s shaped by social structures like poverty, class, and gender.
What is Tombs and Whyte’s idea of a hierarchy of victimisation?
Some victims are ignored or reclassified—e.g., workplace safety crimes are downplayed.
