victimology

Question 1

what is vicimtology ?

Answer 1

it is the study of victims

Question 2

what is a victim by definition ?

Answer 2

originates from the term ‘victima’ first appeared in 1497. originally meant sacrifice to deity or performance of religious nite. FIRST APPLIED TO Jesus Christ.

Question 3

what is a bad victim?

Answer 3

those who do not meet our expectations- people we wouldn’t be sympathetic about (ex/ prostitute raped)

Question 4

what is the code of hammurbi?

Answer 4

eye for an eye, is often mistakenly considered justification for revenge when in fact it introduced limits on retaliation.

Question 5

” the golden age of victims”?

Answer 5

victim and families had an important role to play in cj system. victim and offender on equal footing.

Question 6

today, the criminal justice system process involves 3, which are?

Answer 6

the judge, the state and the defendant .

Question 7

in civil law suits, the victims and offenders are on equal footing. civil courts do not do prison. its expensive.

Answer 7

civil litigation fails to provide victims with the same level of public recognition and validation as the criminal courts . big burden on victims.

Question 8

what is the Magna Carta?

Answer 8

it is the first known draft in response to the tyranny of king John. effort to stop the power of kind and protect individual freedom.

Question 9

what is an ideal victim?

Answer 9

someone vulnerable, doing something respectful , victimized by stranger,

Question 10

the creation of the crown prosecutor did what to the victim?

Answer 10

displaced the victim from legal proceedings .

Question 11

BECCARIA?

Answer 11

“rule of law “ wrote a critique that people should be punished in the same way independent of the poverty or wealth of the offender.

Question 12

Willem Nagels?

Answer 12

one of the first well known studies to systematically examine crime victims (1937) , conducted interviews with victims of crime to understand their perception and need. but wasn’t published in English, so not the best known.
ONE OF THE FIRST STUDIES ON CRIMINOLOGY

Question 13

Hans Van Henting?

Answer 13

often RECOGNIZED as one of the first studies in victimology . his book THE CRIMNAL AND HIS VICTIMS examined the relationship between criminal and victim. . his interest was solely criminological .he wanted to study victims to understand crime and criminals.

Question 14

Frederic Wertham?

Answer 14

was the FIRST one to use the word victimology. but he also viewed victims as a way to study crime.

Question 15

bENJAMIN MEDELSOHN?

Answer 15

played a role in developing victimology as its own discipline. provides detail and DETAILED definition of victimology and argues for a new creation of science that is independent of criminology. argued that society had forgotten about victims. *** important *

Question 16

Stephen Schafer?

Answer 16

wrote the first textbook written on victimology “ the victim and his criminal”

Question 17

what are the 5 approaches to victimology?

Answer 17

penal victimology, general victimology, human rights approach, positivist vicimology, critical victimology.

Question 18

what does penal victimology focus on ?

Answer 18

understanding the crime, considers victimology as a branch of criminology and its focus on victims of crime. . criminal code sets the agenda.

Question 19

what does general victimology entail?

Answer 19

includes victims of all types, including victims of accidents and natural disasters. inclusive and does not exclude any victims. blurs science a little, as everyone is a victim. invdidualistic. (excludes natural disasters. )

Question 20

what does the human rights approach entail?

Answer 20

considers victims of crime as well as those who are victims of abuses by of power by the state. focuses on human made victimization , including genocide, torture, slavery.

Question 21

the victims movement?

Answer 21

strove to improve the flight of the crime victim. (1970s) did not not not involve demonstrations by crime victims, led by academics. why did it happen? high crime rates and questioning the status quo.

Question 22

which country was the first vicitmization survey conducted?

Answer 22

USA

Question 23

what is the dark number of crime ?

Answer 23

the number of crimes not reported to the police- in fear of retaliation.

Question 24

why weren’t feminists impressed with Wolfgangs or Mendholms typologies?

Answer 24

they were victim blaming.

Question 25

what is Megans law?

Answer 25

requires authorities to make info available to the public about registered sex offenders.

Question 26

what does critical victimology entail?

Answer 26

"radical victimology" in 1983. questions of power. victim/offender dichotomy . the roll of the victim.

Question 27

the womens movement?

Answer 27

addressed victim blaming, violence against women. addressed just world beliefs- you deserved that because you did something to prompt it. late 1960/70s.

Question 28

political activism?

Answer 28

crime victims started to emerge in late1970s. bring attention to legal system / victimization. resulted in the creation of the government offices.

Question 29

what is Carceral Feminism ?

Answer 29

coined by Bernsten (2012) to refer to " the cultural and political formation in which previous generations, justice and liberal struggles are recast into carceral terms. longer sentences will resolve issues. protects young women but also hurts them.

Question 30

what is methodology?

Answer 30

the "how" a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure a valid and reliable findings. the methodology justifies the research design.

Question 31

what Is research methods?

Answer 31

the methods chosen to answer the research q.

Question 32

what are the two types of data?

Answer 32

primary data; collected by the researcher, and secondary data; drawn from already completed work by other researchers, newspapers, studying texts.

Question 33

what is the history of victimization surveys?

Answer 33

first deleveoped in 1960's . it was a way to measure crime. wanted to capture the dark figure of crime that no one was reporting. Canada introduced the GSS in 1982.

Question 34

how do you measure victimization rate?

Answer 34

victimization rate= #of victimizations experienced by the specific pop. (divided) by # of persons in the specified pop x1,000

Question 35

what are the 8 types of crime that the GSS focuses on?

Answer 35

1. sexual assault 2. robbery 3. physical assault 4. b & e 5. mottos vehicle theft 6. theft of personal property 7. theft of household property 8. vandalism ( carried out every 4-5 years)

Question 36

what is the prevalence rate?

Answer 36

it is based on the # of individuals in the population who experienced at least one VICTIMIZATION.

Question 37

what is poly victimization ?

Answer 37

identify those individuals who experience multiple (3 or more) types of victimization. research on multiple victimizations began in the 90s. asks why sometimes victimizations a single event for some and others a chronic experience.

Question 38

What is the International Crime Victims Survey? (ICVS)

Answer 38

1989. a WAY TO monitor volume of victimization /perception of crime. also a way to see the attitude towards the cj system. compares on an international level. but its based on smaller sample sizes. includes 10 diff. types of victimization.

Question 39

What is methodology?

Answer 39

the "how" a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable findings.

Question 40

what is research methods?

Answer 40

the methods chose to answer the research q.

Question 41

THE GSS? ( GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY)

Answer 41

Administered by stats Canada. Research is used to guide social policy. 2 primary objectives- gather info on social trends to monitor changes in living conditions/ well being of Canadians and provide info on specific social policy issues or emerging interest. TERRITORIES are included in the survey. In 2019, added internet victimization and gender identity and expression .

Question 42

what are some Victimization survey benefits?

Answer 42

includes crimes not reported by police provides a "voice" for victims identifies social factors that contribute to crime can change trust/attitude toward police.

Question 43

what are some negative/ disadvantages of victimization surveys?

Answer 43

only available in English/French cannot generalize ppl living on reserves only include a few types of victimization (excludes homicide/ white collar crime) excludes certain types of groups (children)) subjective exaggeration/ under estimation can happen

Question 44

what makes you more at "risk" for victimization?

Answer 44

``` being younger (18-24) , over age of 30 risk drops women more likely to be victims of violent crime, especially if indigenous history of homelessness low social cohersion identify as LGBTQ minorities being single students have a higher rate going out in the evening ```

Question 45

what is theoretical victimology?

Answer 45

used to explain the differential risks of victimization and the skewed distribution of victimization

Question 46

what the the two broad revictimization categories?

Answer 46

risk heterogity - "flag theory" suggests that victims have some enduring characteristics or behaviours that repeatedly place them at risk for victimization (ex/ age, poverty, lifestyle) explains initial and subsequent victmiization state dependence- ' event dependence / boost theory' assumes that there is nothing to distinguish victims from non victims b4 the initial victimization, but, the initial victimization may boost the probability of continuing victimization

Question 47

what is life course theory?

Answer 47

methodological and theoretical approach to data collection. longitudiual study looks at how chronically age, relationships, common life transitions, and social change shape peoples lives birth to death assists researchers to better understand polyvictimization.

Question 48

what is just world belief theory?

Answer 48

more common theory in psych and social psych. people tend to believe the world is just and safe place. the belief that one individuals action will cause them to " get what they deserve and deserve what they get" JWB makes the world seem prediticble and manageable JWB kind of like victim blaming.

Question 49

what is exposure theory?

Answer 49

examines the environment victims are exposed to. identify what makes a target more vulnerable or attractive within such contexts. characterized by mundane, opportunistic and rational actors rather than mindless actors.

Question 50

what are the 3 exposure theories?

Answer 50

rational choice theory, routine activity theory, opportunity theory

Question 51

explain rational choice theory?

Answer 51

a part of exposure theory assumes that rationality is relative and subjective offenders rationalize their behaviours by redefining it or minimizing the victims suffering. target election important- not random / rationale

Question 52

explain opportunity theory?

Answer 52

emphasizes opportunities for crime. focusing on the characteristics of the situation or the environment in which crime takes place rather than the offenders characteristics . focuses on availability on potential targets.

Question 53

explain routine activity theory?

Answer 53

assumes that there are 3 factors necessary for a crime to occur; 1) the presence of a motivated offender 2) the presence of a suitable target and; 3) the absence of a palpable guardian.

Question 54

explain what strain theory is?

Answer 54

developed to understand criminal behaviour. the accumulation of strains or stressors increases the likelihood of negative emotions like anger or frustration. crime could be a possible way of reducing stress.

Question 55

what are 4 pathways to polyvictimization?

Answer 55

dangerous community - bad area means stress dangerous family- starts w/ violence at home family problems- kids not monitored symptomatic child- more on child, less on environment

Question 56

explain critical victimology; feminist/ queer perspective?

Answer 56

critique of the mainstream perspectives, focus too narrowly on the individual actors. analyze gender, including sexuality and reproduction- construction of femininity and mesculininity. fail to examine the role of the state; such as social structures that can contribute and produce violence against particular people.

Question 57

what is hemegmonic masculinity?

Answer 57

a hierarchy of gendered power that privileges certain masculinity's over others. men are expected to "do gender" and have their performances of masculinity validated by other social actors. femiminity is regarded as subordinate.

Question 58

explain VIS

Answer 58

victim participation is limited to that of a witness. VIS first introduced in cali, 1974. it has a format/ can be cross examined. limited to time of sentencing. VIS appeared in criminal code first time "victim" appeared in the code.

Question 59

what contributed to the introduction of the victims rights in Canada?

Answer 59

victim cooperation with authorities lacked so they introduced the victim friendly policies in the 1980s declaring rights for victims to info, participation, reparation, and support.

Question 60

what are the 4 typologies of victims?

Answer 60

``` direct victims (you) indirect victims (family) tertiary victim (community) secondary victim (police/ witness/ ambulance) ```

Question 61

describe ASD

Answer 61

symptoms lasting only from two days to less than a month. | triggered by traumatic experiences.

Question 62

describe PTSD

Answer 62

lasts longer than a month. first introduced by the American psychiatric association in 1980. which was a milestone as the first time professionals recognized the traumatic effects of criminal victimization. based off 4 categories- intrusion, avoidance, negative altercations and altercations in arousal and reactivity.

Question 63

explain the 4 steps of recovery after victimization?

Answer 63

1. pre victimization 2. the victimization 3. transition 4. re-organization

Question 64

what are tangible loses/ intangible ?

Answer 64

``` tangible = lost/ damaged property / medical intangible= psychological pain and suffering ```

Question 65

what is neoliberalism?

Answer 65

reliance on the principles of free market force, belief in non regulatory government and individual responsibility. reduce/ eliminated funding for social supports. gained traction in 1970s. (welfare state) funding cuts. market university as a "brand" . higher tuition fees, lower public $

Question 66

what is intersectionality?

Answer 66

coined by Kimberle Crenshaw refer to the differential experiences, social context and policy of individuals based upon the intersections of race, gender and class.

Question 67

what is carceral feminism?

Answer 67

the mobilization of the criminal legal system to respond to gendered violence. a focus on surveillance, arrest and incarceration. most often results in an over-policing and over resprestation of marginalized populations.

Question 68

what is over representation in prairie region for women in jails?

Answer 68

women are overrepresented in jails , indigenous. this is linked to the social history of residential schools, forced adoption , child welfare policies and higher rates of victimization. (90% of women in jail in parries. )

Question 69

what is restorative programs?

Answer 69

still situated within the formal CJS. placing abusers in programs, not jail. some programs focusing on rehabilitation through reconciliation with victims. holds responsible much quicker. critiques : victim just has to show up, minimizes gendered violence. no consultation with victim.

Question 70

what is transformative justice?

Answer 70

most often outside of the legal system - used in social movement spaces. fundamental rejection of carceral system . seek transformation rather than restoration community facilitated critique: practical decision - who decides this/ not enough supports.

Question 71

who is m. gray critical of increasing secularization measures on campus to reduce sexual assault ?

Answer 71

fear of crime influences decisions, unaware of actual rates/ stats. increasing security and phone apps won't necessarily reduce things. fear of crime becomes a market. no support for survivors.