Video 6 Cellular Suffering & Death

Question 1

How many pathway are there for apoptosis ?

Answer 1

Two, Intrinsic and extrinsic.

Question 2

Which is the final step for apoptosis?

Answer 2

Activation of cytosolic caspases that mediate cellular breackdow.

Question 3

Apoteosis is characterized by

Answer 3

Deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm, cell shrinkage, Nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and basophilia, membrane blebbing, Nuclear fragmentation (Karyorrhexis), and formation of apoptotic bodies.

Question 4

Pyknosis

Answer 4

Nuclear shrinkage

Question 5

Karyorrhexis

Answer 5

Nuclear fragmentation.

Question 6

In the Intrinsic pathway, what happened with the proportion of the Anti- and Pro- apoptotic factors?

Answer 6

Changes in proportion more pro- than anti-

Question 7

Which are the Pro- and Anti- apoptotic factors?

Answer 7

Pro- BAX and BAK proteins.

Anti- Bcl-2

Question 8

What is the BAX and BAK’ functions?

Answer 8

Increased mitochondrial permeability and Cytochrome C release.

Question 9

What is the function of the Apaf-1?

Answer 9

Normally induces the activation of caspases.

Question 10

Which is the process of the Follicular lymphoma?

Answer 10

Occurs when Bcl-2 is overexpressed, then decrease caspase activation and tumorigenesis.

Question 11

Which is the function of the BCL-2?

Answer 11

It is the major anti-apoptotic regulator of the mitochondrial permeability.

Question 12

What is the primary initiator of the apoptosis?

Answer 12

Caspases

Question 13

Which is the pathway characterized by death receptors?

Answer 13

Extrinsic pathway

Question 14

Which are the two death receptors?

Answer 14

1) Fas receptor activated by FasL (Fas ligand).

2) TNF receptor activated by TNF-Alpha

Question 15

What is the function of Granzyme B?

Answer 15

Activate caspases directly.

Question 16

Which defective interaction of the apoptosis process contribute to autoimmune disorders?

Answer 16

Defective Fas-FasL interactions

Question 17

What is the protein that is use by Killer T cells to make holes in plasma membrane?

Answer 17

Perforin punches holes in membrane.

Question 18

Definition of necrosis:

Answer 18

Enzymatic degradation and protein denaturation of cell due to exogenous injury produce intracellular components leak. Inflammatory process (unlike apoptosis).

Question 19

What does apoptosis mean?

Answer 19

Programmed cell death or orderly cell death process.

Question 20

How many types of necrosis are there?

Answer 20

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat, Fibrinoid, Gangrenous.

Question 21

Coagulative

Answer 21

Seen in: ischemia/infarcts in most tissues(except brain).
Due to: ischemia/infarction; proteins denature, enzymatic degradation.
Histology: Cell outlines preserved; increased cytoplasmic binding of acidophilic dyes.

Question 22

Liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 22

Seen in: Bacterial abscesses, Brain infarcts (due too increase fat content).
Due to: Neutrophils releasing lysosomal enzymes that digest the tissue.
Histology: Early (cellular debris and macrophages) and Late (cystic spaces and cavitation brain)

Question 23

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 23

Seen in: TB, systemic fungi (histoplasma capsulatum), Nochardia.
Due to: Macrophages wall off the infecting microorganism, that produces granular debris.
Histology: Fragmented cells and debris surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages.

Question 24

Fat Necrosis.

Answer 24

Seen in: Enzymatic (acute pancreatitis, saponification) and Nonenzymatic (Breast trauma).
Due to: Damaged cells release lipase, which breaks down fatty acids in cell membranes.
Histology: outlines of dead cells without peripheral nuclei;saponification of fat (with calcium) appears dark blue on H&E stain.

Question 25

Fibrinoid

Answer 25

Seen in: immune reaction in vessels. Due to: immune complexes combine with fibrin produce vessel wall damage. Histology: Vessel walls are thick and pink.

Question 26

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 26

Seen in: Distal extremity, after chronic ischemia. Due to: Dry (ischemia) and Wet (superinfection). Histology: Dry (coagulative) and Wet (Liquefactive).

Question 27

Which are the two types of cell injury?

Answer 27

Reversible with O2 and Irreversible

Question 28

Reversible(R) and Irreversible (I): 1) ATP depletion. 2) Nuclear chromatin clumping. 3) Lysosomal rupture. 4) Fatty change. 5) Plasma membrane damage. 6) Nuclear pyknosis, Karyorrhexis and karyolisis.

Answer 28

1) R 2) R 3) I 4) R 5) I 6) I

Question 29

What does infarction mean?

Answer 29

It is a tissue death caused by a lack of O2

Question 30

How many types of infarcts are there?

Answer 30

Two types Red and Pale or white

Question 31

What is a Red infarcts?

Answer 31

Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts occur in venous occlusion and tissues with multiple blood supplies, such a liver, lung etc. Reperfusion injury is due to damage by free radicals.

Question 32

What is a Withe or pale infarcts?

Answer 32

This occur in solid organs with a single blood supply, such a heart, kidney and spleen.

Question 33

What cellular by-products might you detect in the serum when the cardiac myocytes are injured?

Answer 33

Myoglobin, CPK, CKMB and Troponin I. Cardiac enzymes

Question 34

What cellular by-products might you detect in the serum when the skeletal myocytes are injured?

Answer 34

CPK, Aldolase and myoglobin.

Question 35

What cellular by-products might you detect in the serum when the Hepatocytes are injured?

Answer 35

AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase and GGT.

Question 36

What cellular by-products might you detect in the serum when the Salivary gland cells are injured?

Answer 36

Amylase

Question 37

What cellular by-products might you detect in the serum when the pancreatic exocrine cells are injured?

Answer 37

Amylase and Lipase.

Question 38

What cellular by-products might you detect in the serum when the Red blood cells (RBCs) are injured?

Answer 38

Heme -> Bilirubin.

Question 39

What histology can feature are seen in apoptotic liver cells?

Answer 39

Cellular shrinkage, pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies.

Question 40

What substances do cytotoxic T cells and NK cells use to induce apoptosis in the cells infected with a virus?

Answer 40

Perforin and Granzyme B

Question 41

What highly damagin events can cause irreversible cell injury?

Answer 41

Calcium influx, damage to the plasma membrane, rupture of the lysosome, mitochondrial permeability, pyknosis, Karyorrhexis and karyolisis.

Question 42

What cellular enzymes are responsible for handling oxygen free radicals?

Answer 42

1) Catalase degrades H2O2 to O2 and H2O. 2) Superoxide Dismutase converts O2 radicals to H2O2. 3) Glutathione per oxidase catalyzes free radical breakdown.