Video Review Ch. 10

Question 1

What is the #1 killer in the US

Answer 1

Heart disease

Question 2

What is the MC mechanism of cardiac pathology

Answer 2

Pump failure

Question 3

What pathology is: heart cannot supply tissue demand
Common end-point for many cardiac Dx
3 types of dysfunction

Answer 3

Congestive heart failure

Question 4

What is loss of the myocardial contractility

Answer 4

Systolic dysfunction

Question 5

What is abnormal relaxation/filling (females mc)

Answer 5

Diastolic dysfunction

Question 6

Endocarditis, valvular stenosis, and HTN are all types of what

Answer 6

Valvular dysfunctions

Question 7

What is forward/backward failure

Answer 7

insufficient output/venous congestion

Question 8

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism

Answer 8

Inc. ventricular stretch = stronger contraction

Question 9

What is eccentric cardiac hypertrophy, Inc. in chamber size and the m. mass/wall thickness (L ventricle)

Answer 9

Athlete’s heart (physiologic)

Question 10

What is concentric cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 10

Left ventricle gets bigger, HTN, Valvular stenosis, inc pressure

Question 11

What is the primary myocardial disease, hypertrophy and dilation, and may cause pulmonary edema

Answer 11

Left sided heart failure

Question 12

What is the MC cause of right sided heart failure

Answer 12

Left sided heart failure

Question 13

What is development of right sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary HTN

Answer 13

Cor pulmonale

Question 14

What will we see with right sided heart failure

Answer 14

Peripheral edema

Question 15

What % of congenital heart diseases are idiopathic

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

Genetically, what is congenital heart disease linked to

Answer 16

Trisomies 13,15,18,21

Question 17

What % of congenital heart diseases are VSDs? ASDs?

Answer 17

VSD 42%

ASD 10%

Question 18

What kind of shunt bypasses pulmonary circulation

Answer 18

Right-to-left shunts, Cyanosis

Question 19

What kind of shunt is MC

Answer 19

Left-to-Right shunt

Question 20

Other than shunts, what can cause congenital heart disease

Answer 20

Obstruction of vasacular flow (vavlular stenosis, aortic coarctation)

Question 21

What is the MC structural abnormality (20-30% iso, 42% of all)

Answer 21

VSD

Question 22

What is a VSD, R. ventricular outflow obstruction, Overriding of VSD by aorta, and R ventricular hypertrophy
MC cause of cyanosis at birth secondary to CHD

Answer 22

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 23

What happens with TGA

Answer 23

Right vent gets aorta

Left vent gets pulmonary artery. Shunting is required

Question 24

What is aortic coarcation

Answer 24

Narrowing of aorta

Question 25

Who is at greater risk for aortic coarcation

Answer 25

Males 2x, Turner syndrome

Question 26

What % of ischemic heart disease is from atherosclerosis (CAD)

Answer 26

90%

Question 27

What is the leading cause of death in the US

Answer 27

Ischemic heart disease

Question 28

What is occlusion of the coronary arteries that may have catastrophic consequences

Answer 28

Acute coronary syndrome

Question 29

When is it considered critical stenosis

Answer 29

>70% occlusion

Question 30

What is sub-sternal chest pain "crushing" "squeezing" jaw or left arm. Stable or varient or unstable

Answer 30

Angina pectoris

Question 31

How is stable angina tx

Answer 31

Relived with rest and nitroglycerin

Question 32

How is variant angina tx

Answer 32

Vasospasm at rest, responds to vasodilators. rare

Question 33

Crescendo angia, inc. frequency, intensity, duration, | 90% fixed coronary artery occlusion

Answer 33

Unstable angina

Question 34

What is the MC cause of a MI

Answer 34

acute ischemia from thrombosis (90%)

Question 35

What is the MC artery affected in a MI "widowmaker a."

Answer 35

L ant. descending coronary artery 40-50%

Question 36

``` Unrelieved by nitroglycerine Referred pain "thready" pulse Dsypnea 10-15% silent ```

Answer 36

Myocardial Infarction

Question 37

How does myocardium act in chronic ischemic heart disease

Answer 37

As though it is deconditioned

Question 38

What is the MC stimulus for sudden cardiac death

Answer 38

CAD 80-90%

Question 39

What dramatically improves SCD prognosis

Answer 39

Defibrillation

Question 40

Blow to sternal region, Arrhythmia, adolescent males (~15), 65% fatal

Answer 40

Commotio Cordis

Question 41

L sided heart disease L ventricular hypertrophy HTN Asymptomatic MC, "silent killer"

Answer 41

Systemic hypertensive heart disease

Question 42

What is failure of a valve to completely open

Answer 42

Stenosis MC mitral valve

Question 43

What is failure of a valve to completely close

Answer 43

Insufficiency (regurgitation) murmur

Question 44

What is the MC cause of aortic valve stenosis (elderly 60-80, MC valvular disease)

Answer 44

Calcific aortic valve disease

Question 45

Rheumatic fever is what kind of reaction

Answer 45

Hypersensitivity

Question 46

Scarlet fever is what kind of reaction

Answer 46

Reaction to erythrogenic toxins

Question 47

What is the MC infection of the heart chambers of valves

Answer 47

Bacteremia

Question 48

What is the MC type of prothestetic valve

Answer 48

Mechanical (other is bioprosthetic)

Question 49

Diastolic dysfunction, won't relax, "asymmetrical septal hypertrophy"

Answer 49

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 50

Stiff myocardium, Endomyocardial fibrosis, helminth can cause Amyloidosis

Answer 50

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 51

What is the MC cause of myocarditis

Answer 51

Secondary to viral infections

Question 52

What is heart compressed by fluid

Answer 52

Cardiac tamponade

Question 53

What is the MC cause of cardiac neoplasm

Answer 53

Metastasis

Question 54

What is the MC primary malignant tumor of the heart

Answer 54

Angiosarcoma

Question 55

What is the MC primary cardiac tumor

Answer 55

Myxoma (benign)

Question 56

Where do 90% of myxomas develop

Answer 56

Fossa ovalis of L atrium