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Yr 3 - Dermatology > Viral Exanthemas > Flashcards

Viral Exanthemas Flashcards

1
Q

What does exanthem mean?

A

eruptive widespread rash.

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2
Q

How many viral exanthemas are there?

A

6

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3
Q

What are the 6 viral exanthemas?

A

First disease: Measles
Second disease: Scarlet Fever
Third disease: Rubella (AKA German Measles)
Fourth disease: Dukes’ Disease
Fifth disease: Parvovirus B19
Sixth disease: Roseola Infantum

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4
Q

What is the measles caused by?

A

Measles virus

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5
Q

What is the type of transmission of measles?

A

It is highly contagious via respiratory droplets

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6
Q

How long does it take for symptoms to start after exposure in measles?

A

10 – 12 days after exposure

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Coryzal symptoms (The meaning of CORYZA is an acute inflammatory contagious disease involving the upper respiratory tract; )
  3. conjunctivitis
    4.Koplik spots
    5.Rash
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8
Q

Where are koplik spots located when having measles?

A

on the buccal mucosa

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9
Q

When do the koplik spots appear in measles?

A

2 days after the fever

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10
Q

What is unique about koplik spots?

A

They are pathognomonic for measles, meaning if a patient has Koplik spots, you can diagnose measles.

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11
Q

Where does therash typically start in measles?

A

The rash starts on the face, classically behind the ears, 3 – 5 days after the fever. It then spreads to the rest of the body

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12
Q

How does a measles rash typically present?

A

The rash is an erythematous, macular rash with flat lesions.

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13
Q

How long do measles take to self resolve?

A

7-10 days after symptoms

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14
Q

How long should children isolate for after measle symptoms resolve?

A

4 days

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15
Q

What percent of measle patients will develop complications?

A

30%

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16
Q

What are 8 complications involved with measles?

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Dehydration
  4. Encephalitis
  5. Meningitis
  6. Hearing loss
  7. Vision loss
  8. Death
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17
Q

Which of the viral exanthemas are notifiable diseases?

A

1) measles
2) Scarlet fever
3) rubella

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18
Q

What is the infective agent in Scarlet fever?

A

Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes)

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19
Q

Describe the rash seen in Scarlet fever:

A

red-pink blotchy, macular rash with rough sandpaper skin that starts on the trunk and spreads outwards

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20
Q

Give 7 presentations associated with Scarlet fever:

A

1) fever
2) lethargy
3) macular rash with sandpaper skin
4) flushed face
5) sore throat
6) strawberry tongue
7) cervical lymphadenopathy

21
Q

Strawberry tongue is associated with which infectious disease?

A

Scarlett fever

22
Q

What is the treatment for Scarlet fever?

A

phenoxymethylpenicillin for 10 days

23
Q

Give 2 complications of Scarlet fever:

A

1) acute rheumatic fever
2) post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis

24
Q

What is the guidance around Scarlet fever and school?

A

children with Scarlet fever should be kept off school until 24 hours after starting antibiotics

25
Q

What is the infectious agent in rubella?

A

rubella virus

26
Q

What is the mode of transmission in rubella?

A

direct - respiratory droplets

27
Q

How long after exposure do symptoms start in rubella?

A

2 weeks

28
Q

Describe the rash seen in rubella:

A

a milder erythematous rash compared to measles which starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body

29
Q

How long does the rubella rash typically last?

A

3 days

30
Q

Give 5 presentations associated with rubella infection:

A

1) erythematous rash
2) mild fever
3) joint pain
4) sore throat
5) lymphadenopathy

31
Q

What is the recommended guidance for children with rubella and school attendance?

A

children should stay off school for at least 5 days after the rash appears

32
Q

Give the triad seen in congenital rubella syndrome:

A

1) deafness
2) blindness
3) congenital heart disease

33
Q

What are 2 possible complications of rubella?

A
  1. Thrombocytopenia
  2. Encephalitis
34
Q

What is another name for parovirus B19?

A

slapped cheek syndrome

35
Q

Describe the natural history of parovirus B19 infection:

A

1) begins with mild fever, coryzal symptoms and muscle aches
2) on day 2-5, a diffuse red rash appears on the cheeks
3) a few days later, a reticular, mildly erythematous rash affects the trunk, and limbs which is itchy

36
Q

What does a reticular rash look like?

A

net-like

37
Q

How long do symptoms in Parovirus B19 last?

A

1-2 weeks

38
Q

What is the guidance on children with parovirus B19 infection and school attendance?

A

it is infectious prior to the rash forming but once the rash has formed, they are no longer infectious and can attend school

39
Q

What three groups of patients are at risk of complications in Parovirus B19 infection?

A

1) pregnant women
2) immunocompromised patients
3) patients with haematological problems (sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, hereditary spherocytosis, haemolytic anaemia)

40
Q

Give 4 complications associated with parovirus B19:

A

1) aplastic anaemia
2) encephalitis or meningitis
3) pregnancy complications e.g. foetal death
4) hepatitis, myocarditis and nephritis (in rare cases)

41
Q

What is the management of parvovirus B19?

A

Healthy children and adults have a low risk of any complications and are managed supportively with plenty of fluids and simple analgesia.

42
Q

What is the infectious agent in roseola infantum?

A

human herpes virus 6 and less frequently human herpes virus 7

43
Q

How long does it take for symptoms to begin in roseola infantum following exposure?

A

1-2 weeks

44
Q

What is the first symptom seen in roseola infantum?

A

sudden high fever (up to 40 degrees) which disappears suddenly

45
Q

How long does the rash last for in roseola infantum last?

A

1-2 days

46
Q

Describe the rash seen in roseola infantum:

A

mild erythematous macular rash across the arms, legs, trunk and face which is not itchy

47
Q

True or false: children with roseola infantum can continue going to school

A

true

48
Q

What is the main complication associated with roseola infantum?

A

febrile convulsions

49
Q

What may immunocompromised patients with roseola Infantum may be at risk of?

A

Immunocompromised patients may be at risk of rare complications such as myocarditis, thrombocytopenia and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Yr 3 - Dermatology (14 decks)

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