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Viral Families Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

T/F - most DNA families are species specific

A

True

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2
Q

Which DNA virus is the exception to the ‘species specific’ rule

A

Pseudorabies

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3
Q

How is herpes transmitted

A

Direct close contact

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4
Q

Hallmark trait of herpes

A

Latency All animals infected for life

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5
Q

Diagnostics for herpes

A

1) Intranuclear inclusion bodies
2) Synctia in tissues
3) Serology
4) Viral isolation
* Sometimes*
- EM
- PCR

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6
Q

Are there herpes vaccines?

A

Yes - but they protect against clinical disease not infection

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7
Q

T/F - Poxviridae is zoonotic

A

True - most Pox viruses are species specific, but cowpox can infect humans

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8
Q

Which enveloped DNA virus is very resilient in the environment

A

Poxviridae. Can live for months in dried scabs and be transmitted by vectors

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9
Q

Transmission poxviridae

A

Dried scabs

Vectors (lice)

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10
Q

Where does poxviridae replicate

A

Cytoplasm - exception to the DNA virus in nucleus rule

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11
Q

Diagnostics for Poxviridae

A
  1. The lesion - usually seeing it is diagnostic alone. Seen on skin, mucosa (esophagus in chickens)
  2. PCR/EM can be used to confirm
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12
Q

Your client is concerned about Poxviridae outbreaks at his farm. He asks if there is a vaccine. What advice do you give him on control?

A
  1. Good hygiene can prevent outbreaks
  2. If you have an outbreak, vaccinations are available and would be recommended given how long the virus persists in environment
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13
Q

A cat comes in with a lesion on their eye. Which virus family commonly causes occular lesions?

A

Herpesviridae

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14
Q

Which virus causes these lesions

A

Poxviridae

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15
Q

What’s a unique feature of Adenoviridae

A

Penton fibers –> very resistant in environment but also easy to disinfect

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16
Q

Which DNA viral family is a frequent cause of hepatitis in dogs and humans

A

Adenoviridae

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17
Q

Clinical signs of Adenoviridae

A

1. Respiratory

  1. Hepatitis
  2. Decline egg production
  3. Death
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18
Q

Diagnosis adenoviridae

A
  1. PCR
  2. Serology - not ideal because its very common, likely already have antibodies
  3. HI
  4. Viral isolation (last resort)
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19
Q

Vaccine for adenoviridae

A

Available

Used for egg drop syndrome and CAV

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20
Q

Which viral families have intranuclear inclusion bodies

A
  1. Herpes
  2. Adeno
  3. Circo
  4. Parvo
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21
Q

You are looking at viral sample with EM. You notice intranuclear inclusion bodies that have formed large paracrystalline arrays of viral particles. Which family does this?

A

Adenoviridae

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22
Q

Main source of a wart is….

A

…. another wart! (direct transmission)

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23
Q

T/F - Papovaviridae is a naked virus and therefore can be transmitted by indirect contact

A

False - it is naked by direct contact is usually required

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24
Q

Diagnostics for papovaviridae

A
  1. The wart!
  2. EM/PCR - PCR can be negative, but its still a wart
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25
T/F Papillomaviruses can be cultured for diagnostic purposes
False - cannot be cultured!
26
Vaccination options for Papovaviridae
Vaccines exist but there are so many types you cant protect against them all **_Autovaccines_** are often used: take sample of wart and make vaccine for that specific viral strain
27
Your patient has these lesions. What do you immediately suspsect
Papovaviridae
28
T/F - circoviridae is very stable in the environment
True! Persists in environment and is shed tons
29
Diagnosis of Circoviridae
1. Clinical signs (with stress, malnourishment, co-infections) 2. Histopath: inclusion bodies 3. PCR
30
Is there a vaccine for circoviridae
Not really (too many strains) Exception: chicken anemia (protects against disease, not infection)
31
What causes this
Circoviridae - *Chicken Anemia*
32
What type of cells do parvoviruses love
Dividing cells --\> neonatal cells, bone marrow/intestines (adults)
33
Clinical signs of parvo
Kittens: ataxia Dogs: vomiting, diarrhea Swine: SMEDI **All species: panleukopenia**
34
T/F - Serology is useful for diagnosis Parvo
False - takes too long, animal will be dead
35
Best way to diagnose parvo
PCR
36
Whats the vaccine protocol for Parvo
Vaccines exist - **timing** and **boosters** are crucial to prevent maternal antibody interference
37
T/F - Asfarviridae is exotic to US
True
38
You are examining viral infected cells and notic paracrystalline arrays in the cytoplasm. What do you suspect?
Asfaviridae
39
Reservoirs and vectors of Asfarviridae. Which species does it affect?
**Soft ticks** are reservoirs and vectors Asymptomatic: warthogs Clinical disease: domestic pigs
40
What does Asfarviridae cause? Which species does Asfarviridae affect?
**African swine fever virus** Warthogs: asymptomatic Domestic pigs: pathogenic
41
Which species does Coronaviridae affect
Everyone! Incl humans
42
T/F Coronaviridae can evolve quickly and jump secies
True
43
Clinical signs of coronaviridae
Respiratory and GI disease ## Footnote *Many species can also affect CNS and repro sytsem*
44
How are coronaviruses shed
Direct contact Respiratory droplets Feces
45
Which species are believed to be carriers of coronaviridae
Cats Poultry
46
Your client is a dog breeder and is concerned about coronaviridae in the upcoming litter. Whats the vaccination protocol?
Vaccines arent always effective -- its better to **vaccinate the dam** so she will pass antibodies to young then to vaccinate the young. **IgA** more effective for local immunity than IgG (get IgA from dam)
47
Transmission of retroviridae
Close contact: sexual, transfusions, saliva, milk
48
Can retroviridae have vertical transmission
Yes its possible
49
Are retroviruses oncogenic
Yes, all except **Lentivirus (HIV)**
50
Are there vaccines for retroviridae?
Only for **feline leukemia**
51
Diagnosis of retroviruses
* PCR (to detect provirus) * Antibody ELISA
52
T/F all retroviral infections are for life
True - either chronic or latent
53
T/F - Genetic reassortment is common with Reoviridae
True due to **segmented genome**
54
T/F - some reoviridae viruses are arboviruses
True - Orbiviruses are arboviruses (transmitted by insect vector)
55
What do members of Reoviridae family cause
**Orbivirus**: serious systemic disease (large animals) **Rotavirus**: diarrhea in many spp (low mortality)
56
T/F Reoviridae is zoonotic
NO, even if they belong to same group as human rotaviruses!
57
T/F - serology is effective for diagnosing rotaviruses
False - because they are so common
58
Diagnostics for Reoviridae
* RT-PCR * EM * Antigen ELISA * IF
59
Are there vaccines for Reoviridae
Yes - vaccinate for **Orbivirus** and vaccinate dam for **Rotavirus**
60
Two important members of Flaviviridae
**Pestiviruses** - *persistently infected immunotolerant aniamls* **Flaviviruses** - *encephalitis* in horses and humans
61
Which RNA viruses are Arboviruses
**Orbivirus** (Reoviridae) **Flavivirus** (Flaviviridae) **Togaviridae** **Bunyaviridae**
62
Diagnostics for Flaviviridae
1. RT-PCR 2. IF 3. Viral isolation * Serology can detect antibodies but **Pestivirus** **immunotolerant** animals will be missed!*
63
What do pestiviruses cause
(Flaviviridae) Abortions, repro issues
64
Are there vaccines for Flaviviridae
Yes
65
Which viral family forms syncytiums and intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusion bodies
Paramyxoviridae
66
Disease caused by Paramyxoviridae
Most genuses: respiratory **Morbilliviruses**: severe systemic disease (distemper)
67
T/F there are vaccines for all Paramyxoviridae viruses
True
68
Which family causes influenza
Orthomyxoviridae
69
Why are influenzas so effective at mutating
Orthomyxoviridae viruses have **segmented genomes**
70
Whats on the envelope of Orthomyxoviridae?
Peplomers: - **HA (hemagglutinin)** **- NA (neuroaminidase)** *Important for typing, diagnostics, and medication targgets*
71
T/F - horses can get foot and mouth disease
False - are refractory
72
Can picornaviridae be zoonotic
Yes
73
Diagnostics for Picornaviridae
Antigen ELISA RT-PCR
74
Are there vaccines for foot and mouth
Yes but high mutation rates require constant vaccine development Vaccines arent applied in FMD-free countries
75
Rabies belongs in which family
**Rhabdoviridae**
76
Whch family has Negri bodies
Rhabdoviridae
77
T/F - Rabies mutates often
False! It hides from immune system in nerves so doesnt need to mutate
78
Gold standard diagnostic for Rhabdoviridae
**DFA** (direct fluorescent antibody test)
79
T/F - rabies is sometimes diagnosed with serology
FALSE - takes too long
80
Are there vaccines for Rhabdoviridae
Yes
81
82
Does genetic reassortment occur with Bunyaviridae
Yes - **segmented genome**
83
Are there vaccines for Bunyaviridae
Yes
84
What do Calciviridae cause
Enteritis and respiratory disease *99% cats its respiratory disease!*
85
Vaccines for calciviridae
Yes
86
What do Arteriviridae cause
Respiratory disease, abortions (horses, pigs)
87
Are vaccines available for Arteriviridae
Yes
88
Which RNA viral family has a **bi-segmented** genome
Birnaviridae
89
Transmission Birnaviridae
*Very resistant in environment* **Fecal-oral** **Direct/indirect**
90
Reservoirs of Togaviridae
Birds -- amplify virus
91
Which families causes encephalitis viruses
Togaviridae Flaviviridae
92
Dead-end host of Togaviridae
Horses, humans
93
Which RNA viral family has **intranuclear** inclusion bodies
Bornaviridae
94
T/F - Bornaviridae is everywhere, in all species
True
95
T/F - Bornaviridae is zoonotic
True
96
Is there a vaccine for Bornaviridae
No
97
T/F - Bornaviridae affects horses and humans for life
True
98

Virology (10 decks)

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