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Microbiology Apurba Sastry Practical Book > Viral Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Viral Gastroenteritis Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is the most common cause of severe diarrheal illness in children worldwide?

A

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is a key viral agent responsible for significant morbidity in pediatric gastroenteritis.

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2
Q

Which viruses are included in the Caliciviruses group that cause gastroenteritis?

A
  • Norovirus
  • Sapovirus

Norovirus is known for outbreaks, while Sapovirus causes sporadic cases.

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3
Q

What is the mode of transmission for rotavirus?

A

Fecal-oral route

This mode facilitates the spread of the virus through contaminated food and water.

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4
Q

What are the common laboratory methods for diagnosing rotavirus diarrhea?

A
  • Direct detection of virus
  • Detection of viral antigen in stool by ELISA
  • RT-PCR
  • Immunoelectron microscopy

RT-PCR is noted for its sensitivity in detecting rotavirus from stool samples.

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5
Q

What is the primary treatment approach for rotavirus diarrhea?

A

Supportive treatment to correct water and electrolyte loss

This includes oral or parenteral fluid replacement.

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6
Q

What are the two brands of rotavirus vaccines available?

A
  • Rotavac
  • Rotarix

Both vaccines contain live attenuated strains and provide cross protection against various rotavirus types.

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7
Q

What is the efficacy of the Rotavac vaccine in the first two years of life?

A

About 55%

The vaccine is administered in three doses at specific intervals.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Norwalk virus is the most important cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in _______.

A

adults

It is often associated with outbreaks during winter months.

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9
Q

What are the common food sources associated with Norwalk virus outbreaks?

A
  • Contaminated salad
  • Fresh fruits
  • Shellfish (such as oysters)
  • Contaminated water

Infected persons and contaminated surfaces can also transmit the virus.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of Norwalk virus infection?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting

Symptoms typically begin 12-48 hours after exposure.

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11
Q

True or False: Sapoviruses only affect infants and young children.

A

False

Sapoviruses can also cause illness in the elderly.

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12
Q

What are the primary symptoms of viral gastroenteritis in the case presented?

A

Abdominal distress, diarrhea, mild dehydration, fever, and vomiting

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of severe diarrheal illness in children worldwide?

A

Rotavirus

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14
Q

What are the other viral agents that may cause similar illness to rotavirus?

A
  • Caliciviruses (norovirus and sapovirus)
  • Astrovirus
  • Adenovirus (type 40 and 41)
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15
Q

What is the mode of transmission for rotavirus?

A

Fecal-oral route

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16
Q

What is the most sensitive detection method for rotavirus from stool?

A

RT-PCR

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17
Q

What type of laboratory diagnosis can confirm rotavirus diarrhea?

A
  • Direct detection of virus
  • Detection of viral antigen in stool by ELISA
  • Serological tests (ELISA)
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18
Q

What is the main treatment approach for rotavirus diarrhea?

A

Supportive treatment to correct loss of water and electrolytes

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19
Q

What vaccine contains live attenuated rotavirus 116E strain?

A

Rotavac

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20
Q

How many doses of Rotavac are administered and at what ages?

A

Three doses at 6, 10, and 14 weeks

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21
Q

What is the efficacy of the Rotavac vaccine in the first two years of life?

A

About 55%

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22
Q

What are common side effects of the Rotavac vaccine?

A
  • Crying
  • Irritability
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
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23
Q

What is Norwalk virus known for?

A

It is the most important cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in adults

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24
Q

What are common food sources associated with Norwalk virus outbreaks?

A
  • Contaminated salad
  • Fresh fruits
  • Shellfish (such as oysters)
  • Contaminated water
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25
What are the symptoms of Norwalk virus infection?
* Diarrhea * Abdominal pain * Nausea * Vomiting
26
Fill in the blank: The _______ causes sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks of diarrheal illness in infants, young children, and the elderly.
Sapovirus
27
True or False: Rotavirus is transmitted through the respiratory route.
False
28
What are general preventive measures against viral gastroenteritis?
* Improve hygiene and sanitation * Contact precautions, such as strict hand hygiene
29
What does ELISA stand for in the context of rotavirus diagnosis?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
30
What is the significance of detecting rotavirus antigen in stool?
Confirms the diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis
31
What is known about the transmission of rotaviruses?
They progress to destroy enterocytes of the small intestine to cause diarrhea
32
What is the common term for outbreaks of Norovirus in winter months?
Winter vomiting disease or gastric flu
33
34
What is the leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide?
Viral gastroenteritis ## Footnote Especially prevalent in children
35
What is the typical mode of transmission for viral gastroenteritis?
Fecal–oral, via contaminated food or water ## Footnote Outbreaks often occur in communities and childcare centers
36
Name the principal viruses responsible for viral gastroenteritis.
* Rotavirus * Norovirus * Sapovirus * Astrovirus * Adenovirus (types 40/41) ## Footnote Rotavirus is the most important cause of severe dehydration in young children
37
What is a helpful mnemonic for remembering the viral agents that cause viral diarrhea?
RANS-A: Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus, Sapovirus, plus Adenovirus ## Footnote Rotavirus is the most severe in childhood
38
Which virus is the most common cause of severe infantile diarrhea?
Rotavirus
39
What is the incubation period for rotavirus?
~1–3 days
40
What symptoms are typically presented in viral gastroenteritis?
* Sudden-onset vomiting * Watery diarrhea * Low-grade fever * Abdominal pain
41
True or False: Norovirus primarily affects infants and young children.
False ## Footnote Norovirus affects older children and adults, causing outbreaks
42
What is the mechanism of disease for rotavirus?
Infection of small intestinal epithelium leading to malabsorption and diarrhea ## Footnote It causes villus tip enterocyte destruction
43
Fill in the blank: The two main types of diarrhea caused by rotavirus are _______ and _______.
Secretory plus osmotic
44
What is the primary treatment for viral gastroenteritis?
Supportive care, mainly rehydration ## Footnote Oral or intravenous fluids are used to replace lost fluids and electrolytes
45
What tests are used for laboratory diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis?
* Stool antigen detection (ELISA) * PCR (molecular testing) * Electron Microscopy
46
What are the two rotavirus vaccines used in India?
* Rotavac * Rotarix
47
What is the recommended vaccination schedule for Rotavac?
Three oral doses at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age
48
What are common side effects of the Rotavac vaccine?
* Fussiness * Fever * Diarrhea
49
What is the key prevention strategy for viral gastroenteritis?
Hygiene and sanitation ## Footnote Handwashing, clean water, safe food handling, isolation of sick individuals
50
True or False: Antibiotics are indicated for viral gastroenteritis.
False ## Footnote Antibiotics are only for confirmed secondary bacterial infections
51
What is a notable clinical pearl regarding rotavirus infection?
Rotavirus can cause hyponatremic dehydration due to free water intake with ORS
52
What is the most sensitive test for detecting rotavirus?
RT-PCR
53
What is the primary risk associated with rotavirus vaccination?
Intussusception risk ## Footnote Higher risk after wild rotavirus infection than the vaccine-associated risk
54
What is the typical presentation of severe dehydration in infants due to viral gastroenteritis?
* Lethargy * Sunken eyes * Dry mucous membranes * Decreased urine output * Hypotension
55
Which virus is known for causing winter vomiting outbreaks?
Norovirus
56
What is the incubation period for norovirus?
~12–48 hours
57
What type of virus is rotavirus?
A wheel-shaped, triple-layered dsRNA virus ## Footnote Rotavirus is the prototype virus associated with viral gastroenteritis.
58
Which clinical presentation is characteristic of rotavirus infection?
Acute watery diarrhea ± vomiting ## Footnote Rotavirus can cause severe dehydration, particularly in infants.
59
What stool tests are used for diagnosing rotavirus?
ELISA, rapid antigen test, PCR ## Footnote PCR is the most sensitive method for diagnosis.
60
What is the main treatment for rotavirus gastroenteritis?
Supportive care, rehydration ## Footnote Electrolyte monitoring and fluid replacement are crucial.
61
Fill in the blank: The rotavirus vaccine given to infants is _______.
Rotavac or Rotarix
62
What is the efficacy of the Rotavac vaccine?
~55% efficacy ## Footnote Rotavac is given in 3 doses.
63
Which virus is commonly associated with outbreaks in adults?
Norovirus ## Footnote Norovirus is particularly notorious for causing outbreaks in settings like cruise ships.
64
What does the RANS-A mnemonic refer to?
Rotavirus gastroenteritis key points ## Footnote It helps remember the essential aspects of rotavirus infection.
65
True or False: Rotavirus primarily causes bloody diarrhea in adults.
False ## Footnote Rotavirus primarily causes watery diarrhea, mostly in children.
66
What is the most sensitive lab test for detecting rotavirus?
Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) ## Footnote Other tests like ELISA are used but have lower sensitivity.
67
Which statement about rotavirus vaccination is correct?
Rotavac is a three-dose oral vaccine given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks ## Footnote The vaccine is live-attenuated and administered orally.
68
Which of the following does not have a vaccine available for routine use?
Norovirus ## Footnote Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for norovirus for the general public.
69
What best describes the mode of action of rotavirus in causing diarrhea?
Villous epithelial cell destruction leading to malabsorption ## Footnote The destruction of villous cells leads to osmotic diarrhea.
70
What is the characteristic appearance of rotavirus under electron microscopy?
Icosahedral particles with a wheel-like capsid structure ## Footnote Rotavirus particles are about 70 nm in diameter.
71
Which laboratory test can show the wheel-shaped particles of rotavirus?
Electron microscopy (EM) ## Footnote EM can visualize the distinct morphology of rotavirus.
72
What is the primary preventive measure against rotavirus infection?
Vaccination, handwashing, sanitation ## Footnote These measures help reduce the spread of rotavirus.
73
Which rotavirus vaccine is given in two doses?
Rotarix ## Footnote Rotarix contains the G1P[8] strain.
74
What is the typical age group affected by rotavirus?
Infants and young children ## Footnote Rotavirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in this demographic.

Microbiology Apurba Sastry Practical Book (4 decks)

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