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Viral HEP-Table 1 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Which hep infections can be chronic?

A

B,C, D

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2
Q

How long can Hep A live in an environment? How can you disinfect it?

A

Up to 1 mo
—Requires disinfection with 1:100 dilution of bleach in tap water
—Minimum of one minute at 85 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

What is the infectious cycle of Hep A?

A 
Ingest HAV
Absorption in stomach or small intestine
Entry into circulation
Uptake into liver
Replication
Released into blood and secreted into bile by liver
Excreted in stool
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4
Q

Take away points about Hep A?

A

Acute, self limiting, confers lifelong immunity

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5
Q

What is the clinical presentation of HepA?

A

Non-specific –HA, anorexia, N/V etc

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6
Q

What pt population is generally asymptomatic if infected with HepA?

A

Children under 6 yr old

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7
Q

What are the rare complications associated with HepA?

A 
—Relapsing hepatitis
—Cholestatic hepatitis
—Fulminant hepatitis
More likely in patients with chronic liver disease
High fatality rate
—Fatalities
More likely > 50 years of age 
More likely if pre-existing liver disease
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8
Q

How is Hep A tx?

A

Supportive- liver transplant if pt has liver failure

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9
Q

How can Hep A be prevented?

A

HAV vaccine part of childhood vaccination schedule at 1 year

Good hand hygiene

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10
Q

When is the HAV immunoglobulin most effective? What pts wouldn’t need this?

A

Most effective if given during incubation period (within 2 weeks of infection)
Patients with at least 1 dose of HAV vaccine at least 1 month prior do not need

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11
Q

When is the HAV immunoglobulin recommended?

A

Close personal contacts of HAV infected person
Staff and attendees of day care center when HAV occurrence is documented
Common source outbreak
Schools, hospitals, work settings with close contact of infected person

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12
Q

How is HepB transmitted?

A 
Sexual
—Homosexual
—Heterosexual
Parenteral
—Injection Drug Use
Perinatal
—Most common in areas of high HBV prevalence
Other
—Contact with infected body fluid
—Can survive 7 days in environment
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13
Q

What are the potential stages of Hep B?

A

Incubation, clinical illness, acute case fatality, chronic infection, premature mortality from liver dz

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14
Q

What is the average length of the incubation period?

A

60-90 days but can range from 45-180

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15
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Hep B?

A 
Up to half of all adults will have jaundice
Fever
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Dark urine
Clay colored or pale stools
Abdominal pain
kids can be asymptomatic
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16
Q

When is the HBsAg present?

A

onset of clinical symptoms

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17
Q

If the HBsAg is persistent past 6mo, what does this indicate?

A

Chronic infection

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18
Q

If HBsAg is present, Is your pt infectious?

A

YES

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19
Q

When does the antibody to HBsAg indicate?

A

Immunity to virus and that HBsAg has been cleared

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20
Q

What serologic marker will be found in vaccinated pts?

A

Antibody to HBsAg

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21
Q

When is HBeAG present?

A

Acute phase of infection

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22
Q

What is the role of HBeAG ?

A

Unclear but assumed to be a marker of viral replication/inefectivity

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23
Q

When does the antibody to HBeAG (HBeAB or anti-HBe) develop?

A

Once the infection resolves

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24
Q

What is seroconversion and what does it predict/indicate?

A

Spontaneous conversion from antigen to antibody and predicts long term clearance of HBV and indicates lower levels of HBV

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25
When does the hep B core antigen (HBcAg )appear? Where is it expressed?
Appears early and persists for life- it is expressed on hepatocytes and promotes immune mediated cell death
26
Which serologic marker is used to diagnose fulminant acute hep?
Immune globulin M Antibody (IgM anti-HBc)
27
When are IgM anti-HBc at high levels?
During acute infections
28
What does the Total Hepatitis B core Antibody (anti-HBc) indicate?
previous or recent infection
29
Chronically infected HBV patients may experience recurring flares of what?
Serum ALT levels
30
What factors are associated with HBV cirrhosis and dz progression?
``` Persistence of HBV serum DNA Infection with genotype C Co-infection with delta hepatitis Co-infection with HIV Age at diagnosis Severity of liver disease at diagnosis Male sex Frequency of severe hepatic flares Alcohol use Laboratory/ physical findings of abnormal liver function ```
31
What is HBV a known risk factor for?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
32
What factors are predicative of hepatocellular carcinoma development?
``` —Persistently elevated HBV DNA levels (> 10,000 copies/mL) —Males —Older age —Coinfection with HCV or delta hepatitis —Preexisting cirrhosis —Continued alcohol ingestion ```
33
What factors are predictors of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma?
—HBsAg seroclearance —Younger age —Maintenance of liver function
34
What is the dose series for the Hep B vaccine?
3 dose series | 0, 1-2, 4-6 months
35
What is considered a non-repsonder to HepB vaccine?
If
36
What should you do if your pt is a nonresponder?
revaccinated with > 1 dose of HepB vaccine
37
What can be given as a post exposure prophylaxis?
Hepatits B immunoglobulin (HBIG)
38
What does Hepatits B immunoglobulin (HBIG) provide?
passive and temporary (3-6 month) protection.
39
What combo tx should be given if perinatal transmission is a possibility?
HBIG Hep B series combo is 85-95% effective in preventing infection
40
What is the tx for chronic HBV pts with HBV DNA = 2000 with normal ALT and no histologic disease?
No tx
41
What is the tx for chronic HBV pts with HBV DNA = 2000 with normal ALT and histologic disease is evident?
Consider tx
42
What is the tx for chronic HBV pts with HBV DNA >2000?
TX | tenofovir, entecavir or Peg-IFN alpha 2a
43
What was thr first approved therapy for tx of HBV?
Pegylated interferon
44
What is the MOA of pegylated interferon (INF)?
—Acts as host cytokine Antiviral Antiproliferative Immunomodulatory
45
Pts with a response to INF typically have more what?
—more permanent seroconversion | Rates 30-40%
46
What factors are associated withimproved response to INF?
- Increased ALT - High histological score at biopsy - Non-Asian Patient
47
What are the ADRs of INF?
- Fatigue - Fever - Headahce - Nausea - Anorexia - Rigors - Myalgai - Arthralgia - Musculoskeletal pain - Alopecia - Injection Site reactions - Risk of Infection - Anxiety - Insomnia - Depression - Suicidal/homicidal ideation
48
When is INF not indicated?
For pts with decompensated cirrhosis
49
Lamivudine has profound antiviral activity, why is it no longer the preferred agent for chronic therapy?
Resistance rates
50
How long does it take Lamivudine to normalize ALT levels?
3-6 months
51
How is the antiviral acvitivity of Lamivudine?
weak
52
How is Lamivudine administered?
Daily for 1 year
53
What is Lamivudine effective against?
wild type and lamivudine resistant HBV
54
When should entecavir not be used?
In HIV co-infected pts | Can use in lamivudine resistance but there is a higher chance of developing resistance
55
What is Telbivudine?
An HBV specific nucleoside analogue that has no other viral activity
56
What are the ADRs of Telbivudine?
Myopathy, peripheral neuropathy
57
When is tenovir used?
Used in HIV co-infection and useful for lamivudine resistant HBV
58
What drugs are used in compensated HBV cirrhosis?
Tenofovir or Entecavir
59
What is the tx from de-compensated HBV cirrhosis?
—Liver transplant | —Lamivudine and Adefovir or Entecavir or Tenofovir
60
What panel should be considered in pts with prior exposure to lamivudine/emtricitabine ?
Baseline HBV resistance panel
61
If pts have HBV and HIV coinfection with a CrCl >50, what is the preferred tx?
—Tenofovir, this is first line in HIV and effective with HBV including lamuvidine resistant
62
If pts have HBV and HIV coinfection with a CrCl
entecavir regimen is preferred since tenofovir can cause proximal tubular injury and worsen kidney disease
63
Where does Hep C replicate?
Within the hepatocytes
64
What can Hep C lead to?
—chronic liver disease —Hepatocellular carcinoma —deaths
65
What is the most frequent indication for liver transplant?
Hep C
66
In an acute Hep C infection, when do symptoms typically begin and what are they?
within weeks of exposure, symptoms of jaundice, fatigue, anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain
67
When are the serum labs elevated in acute hep C infections?
HCV RNA within 1-3 weeks exposure | Elevated ALT within 4-12 weeks
68
What are the initial symptoms in chronic Hep C infection?
mild; fatigue, nausea, right upper quadrant discomfort
69
As the dz progressively causes damage in chronic hep c, what are the symptoms?
fluid retention, muscle weakness, jaundice, weight loss
70
What are determinants of the dz progression of hep C?
``` Excessive alcohol intake Excessive marijuana smoking Concomitant disease associated with liver injury HIV Advanced histological grade Persistently elevated aminotransferases Male sex Older age Obesity Hepatic steatosis Immune suppression ```
71
Can Hep C be transmitted perinatal?
Transmission only from women HCV-RNA positive at delivery, this is a pretty low rate and the method of delivery and feeding has no association to transmission
72
What are the goals of HepC therapy?
CURE and prevention of complications
73
What is sofosbuvir?
Nucleotide inhibitor of HCV indicated for genotypes 1-4 as part of combination therapy
74
What is the duration of therapy for sofosbuvir?
12 weeks for tpe 1,2,4 or 24 weeks for type 3… once daily tablet
75
What is simepravir and what type is it effective against?
oral HCV protease inhibitor used as a component of combo antiviral tx effective against genotype I
76
What are the ADRs of SImepravir?
``` —Photosensitivity —Rash, pruritus —Nausea —Myalgia Dyspnea ```
77
What are the drug interaction with simepravir?
``` —Carbamazepine —Phenytoin —Rifamycins —Clarithromycin —St. Johns wort —Milk thistle —Most antiretrovirals ```
78
What lab abnormalities will simepravir cause?
—Hyperbilirubinemia | —Anemia
79
What is the MOA of Ledipasvir?
Inhibits HCV NS5A protein needed for viral replication
80
What drug is ledipasvir always given in combo with?
Sofosbuvir- also effective against genotype I
81
What are the ADRs of ledipasvir?
Fatigue, headache
82
What lab abnormalities are seen with ledipasvir therapy?
Hyperbilirubinemia
83
How is ledipasvir dosed?
Once daily
84
What drugs comprise the Veikira Pak?
Paritaprevir/Ombitasvir/Dasabuvir/ Ritonavir
85
What is the MOA of Paritaprevir?
Protease inhibitor
86
What is the MOA of Ombitasvir?
HCV NS5A inhibitor
87
What is the MOA of Dasabuvir?
HCV virus nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor
88
Why is Paritaprevir given with Ritonavir?
It’s the “boost”, CYP 3A inhib
89
What are the ADRs of the Pak?
Fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, decreased Hg
90
What are the drug interactions with the Pak?
P450
91
When tx HCV with a HIV co-infection, sofosbuvir should NOT be used with what?
tipranavir
92
When tx HCV with a HIV co-infection, ledipasvir-sofosbuvir should NOT be used with what?
elvitegravir, cobicistat, tenofovir, and emtricitabine
93
When tx HCV with a HIV co-infection, simeprevir should NOT be used with what?
protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
94
When tx HCV with a HIV co-infection, ribavirin should NOT be used with what?
didanosine

Pharm3- fixed (12 decks)

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