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[Y1] Pathology > Viral infections > Flashcards

Viral infections Flashcards

1
Q

How many viruses are human pathogens?

A

just over 100 species

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2
Q

how many viral species have been identified?

A

> 6500

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3
Q

why do viruses cause infections?

A

Viruses need to hijack cells in order to use cellular machinery (including ribosomes) to make viral proteins and reproduce. Lysis of host cells can cause direct damage, but in most diseases damage is caused by immune response to virus

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4
Q

why don’t all viruses cause human infections?

A
  • Viruses have tropism for specific cells in one or limited number of host species – cell must express correct receptor and components
  • Immune system prevents most viruses from establishing infection
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5
Q

what 7 places do viruses infect in the body?

A
  • CNS
  • Skin
  • Liver
  • Multisystem
  • Respiratory tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Urogenital tract
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6
Q

what are the 4 types of viral infection transmission?

A
  • ingestion
  • direct contact
  • vector-borne
  • virtical transmission
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7
Q

what type of pathogens are viruses?

A

obligated intracellular pathogens

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8
Q

what are effectors from viruses?

A

Many viruses produce effectors that inhibit the production of interferons and / or interferon signalling pathways

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9
Q

what are the 6 ways to prevent viral infections?

A
  • hygiene and sanitation
  • vaccines
  • quarantine
  • safe sex
  • insecticides (vector control)
  • screen blood used for transfusions
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10
Q

what does TTV stand for

A
  • Torque Teno Virus
  • Transfusion Transmtted Virus
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11
Q

what are the 4 ways to diagnose a viral infection?

A
  • patients signs and symptoms
  • serology
  • molecular diagnostics of samples
  • microscopy
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12
Q

what is the owl’s eye appearance?

A

intranuclear inclusions in lung tissue infected with cytomegalovirus (H&E stain)

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13
Q

how do you treat viral infections?

A
  • Antivirals target specific components of virus and inhibit replication
  • Only a limited number of effective antivirals
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14
Q

how were the first antivirals discovered?

A

trial and error

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15
Q

what can be used to passively neutralize viruses?

A

monoclonal antibodies

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16
Q

Coronaviruses are the causative agents of what 3 conditions?

A
  • SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
  • MERS (middle eastern respiratory syndrome)
  • COVID-19
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17
Q

what type of viruses are coronaviruses?

A
  • Enveloped particle containing helical nucleocapsids
  • +ve sense ssRNA viruses with 30 kB genome
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18
Q

what is the mortality of MERS?

A

30%

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19
Q

what are the sysmptoms caused by the coronavirses?

A
  • fever
  • cough
  • shortness of breath
  • breathing difficulties
  • fatigue
  • loss of taste / smell
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20
Q

what are the 4 ways to diagnose a coronavirus?

A
  • X-ray shows increased opacity in lungs due to inflammatory exudates
  • Confirmed by RT-PCR (detects SARS-CoV RNA genome) and seroconversion test (detects ant-CoV antibodies)
  • Isolation of virus in cell culture
  • Sequencing
21
Q

what are the 2 causes of severe COVID-19 cases?

A

Severe cases due to immune dysregulation and immunopathologies induced by virus

22
Q

how can you prevent getting a coronavirus?

A
  • Measures to reduce transmission inc. face masks, social distancing, contact tracing and self-isolation (quarantine)
  • No approved vaccines for SARS or MERS, some in clinical trials
  • Several approved vaccines for Covid
23
Q

what are prions?

A
  • Prions are infectious agents consisting of protein, no nucleic acid (not viruses)
  • Prions are a misfolded form (PrPsc ) of normal cellular protein (PrPc)
24
Q

what illnesses do prions cause?

A

Causative agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), include CJD and Kuru in humans, BSE in cattle and Scrapie in sheep

25
Q

what is CJD?

A

Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease:
- An illness caused by prions
- Sporadic (new mutation) and familial (inherited mutation) are caused by mutations within the gene encoding PrPC

26
Q

what are the 4 causes of CJD?

A
  • sporadic mutations
  • inherited mutations
  • blood transfusions
  • consumption of meat contaminiated with BSE
27
Q

what does the post mortem of CJD show?

A

reveals loss of neurons in brain, under microscope see lots of tiny holes (hence “sponge”)

28
Q

what ar ehte symptoms of CJD?

A
  • Loss of motor control, involuntary movements, ataxia
  • Progressive dementia, memory loss, personality changes, speech impairment
29
Q

how long after symtoms appear is CJD fatal?

A

6-12 months

30
Q

were can the prions be detected?

A

in lymphoid tissue

31
Q

what 3 ways can you prevent CJD?

A
  • Regulations on animal feed
  • Preventing affected animals entering food
  • Synthetic growth hormones (not human)
32
Q

what does yellow fever virus cause?

A

yellow fever

33
Q

what type of virus is the yellow fever virus?

A

Enveloped virus with +ve sense ssRNA genome (10kb) and icosahedral capsid

34
Q

how is the yellow fever virus transmitted?

A

by female Aedes aegypti mosquito vector, delivers virus particles directly into bloodstream

35
Q

where is there an endemic of yellow fever?

A

in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, Caribbean

36
Q

what are the symptoms of yellow fever?

A
  • Headache
  • muscle and joint aches
  • fever
  • flushing
  • loss of appetite
  • vomiting
  • jaundice are common
37
Q

how long do the symptoms of yellow fever last?

A

symptoms usually lasts 3 – 4 days and then most people recover

38
Q

what percentage of people develop move serious complications of yellow fever?

A

15%

39
Q

what are 3 serious side effects from yellow fever?

A
  • Jaundice, Kidney failure, Bleeding from mouth, nose, eyes, stomach
  • Up to 50% people developing secondary complications die
40
Q

how is yellow fever diagnosed?

A
  • Blood sample tested for virus specific IgM and IgG antibodies (seroconversion)
  • Viral RNA can be detected in serum early in infection by RT-PCR, but by time severe symptoms arise this is not usually possible
41
Q

how can you prevent getting yellow fever?

A
  • Avoid mosquito bites – insect repellent, insecticides, mosquito nets
  • Effective vaccine is available (live attenuated)
42
Q

what is HIV-1?

A
  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1
  • Enveloped virus with ssRNA genome replicated via dsDNA intermediate (Baltimore Group VI)
43
Q

how is HIV-1 transmitted?

A
  • sexual intercourse
  • blood to blood (e.g. needle sharing, transfusions)
  • vertical (mother to child)
44
Q

what does untreated HIV-1 lead to?

A

HIV infects CD4+ T lymphocytes, over time this causes CD4+ cell count to decrease leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

45
Q

what are the sysmptoms of AIDS?

A
  • Mild flu-like symptoms 2 to 6 weeks after infection
  • No symptoms for several years
  • Once immune system is severely damaged:
    -Weight loss
    -Fatigue
    -Recurrent infections (opportunistic) e.g. Kaposi’s sarcoma,
    -pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
46
Q

what percentage of AIDS patients contact PCP?

A

80%

47
Q

what does HAART stand for?

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

48
Q

what is HAART therapy?

A
  • Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
    -Nucleoside/Nucleotide analogues (NRTIs) e.g. Zidovudine (retrovir)
    -Non-nucleoside analogues (NNRTIs) e,g. Etravirine
  • Integrase inhibitors e.g. Raltegravir
  • Protease inhibitors e.g. Darunavir
  • Fusion inhibitors e.g. Enfuvirtide

[Y1] Pathology (10 decks)

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