Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infection > Viral Infections > Flashcards

Viral Infections Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the key features of adenovirus?

A

it is non enveloped, ds linear DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What infections does adenovirus commonly cause and breifly describe the transmission for each?

A
  • resp tract infections (droplets)
  • gastroenteritis (infected food)
  • conjuctivitis (swimming pools)
  • common cold
  • disease caused generally related to mode of transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can adenovirus infection be identified? is this often done?

A
  • ELIZA of stool or PCR of throat swab

- not normally done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of virus is norovirus?

A

a non enveloped single stranded RNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is norovirus transmitted

A

faecal oral
aerosols in vomit
it is highly contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What disease does norovirus commonly cause?

A

gasteroenteritis - winer vomiting bug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can norovirus be identified?

A

PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are symptoms of norovirus?

A

nausia, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdopain, weakness, headaches, tempreature normally normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of virus is EBV?

A

enveloped DNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does EBV cause?

A

infective mononucleosis/ glandular fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the course of infection of EBV?

A
  • initial replication in orophaygeal epithilium causing fever, sore throa, nausia, malaise, headache
  • then latent infection of B lymphocytes meaning 2 weeks later hepatomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, high fever (38+), some jaundice, nausia, light intolerance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is EBV transmitted?

A

in saliva

kissing disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cancer is EBV associated with?

A

burkitts lymphoma as it causes over replication of infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is incubation period of EBV virus?

A

4- 6 weeks (after infection, symptoms will arise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is key sign of EBV on FBC?

A

very high lyphocytes (and monocytes)

ALT and AST may also be high in late stages, platelets may be low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is EBV specifically detected?

A
  • specific EBV antibodies can be tested for in blood

- also heterophile negative antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is infective mononucleosis managed?

A
  • no alcohol for 2 weeks post infection
  • no sport for 2-3 weeks
  • paracetamol and fluids
  • usually self limiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are blood test results for someone with hep B or C?

A
  • high bilirubin
  • high ALT and AST
  • normal- high ALP (bile duct destruction limited)
  • Albumin low
  • PT and APTT longer (poor coagulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is hep B and C spread?

A
  • verticle transmittion
  • sexual contact
  • sharing needles (90% of Hep C)
  • blood exposure
  • needle stick injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is hep B or C more likely to progress to a chronic infection?

A 
hep C (80% become chronic)
in hep B only 10% become chronic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are you more likely to get acute symtoms of Hep C or B infection? What are these symptoms?

A 
Hep B
- jaundice 
- fatigue 
- abdo pain 
- anorexia
- nausia 
- vomiting 
symptoms usually clear in 6 months, hep C usually has no acute symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is incubation period for hep B?

Study These Flashcards
A

6 weeks- 6 months

23
Q

What % of hep B infections and hep C infections present with symptoms?

Study These Flashcards
A

hep B- 50%

hep C- 80% (neither chronic nor acute symptoms)

24
Q

What are the effects of chronic hep B and C infections?

Study These Flashcards
A

both lead to cirrhosis (25%)/ liver disease. very few lead to carcinomas (5%)

25
How is hep B managed?
- no cure - try and keep viral load low- lifelong antivirals - post exposure prohylaxsis can be offered to anyone exposed but not vaccinated
26
How is hep C managed?
- can be cured by 8-12 week course of drugs | - which has 90% success rate but is expensive
27
How are Hep B and C prevented?
- Hep B prevented with vaccine against surface antigen (3 doses + booster) - Hep C no vaccine just risk avoidance
28
How is hep c diagnosed?
- Hep C antibpdy can be detected at any stage of the disease, even after it has been cured - viral PCR if the hep C anitbody is present, this will confirm the disease is ongoing/ chronic
29
Describe the serology changes of someone who has has an acute Hep B infection which clears
- Surface antigen (HbsAg) rises within first 6 weeks and then drops when acute infection cleared, if remains high for more than 6 months- chronic infection - E- antigen (HbeAg) raises, then drops- indicated highly infectious period - Core antibody (HbcAb) raises and will remain high for life regardless of chronic or cleared infection (IgM initially, but IgG persists for life) - e antibody appears and dissapears - surface antibody is last to appear but will only appear if infection is cleared, it will never be present in chronic infection
30
What will serology be of someone with chronic hep B infection?
- high surface antigen - high core antibody - low surface antibody
31
What type of virus is HIV?
enveloped single stranded RNA virus
32
Where doe HIV cells replicated?
Inside cells with CD4+ receptors (T- helper cells)
33
How is HIV transmitted?
- sexual contact (1/1220) - tranfusions (90-100%) - needle stick injury (1/333) - mucous membrane exposure (1/159)
34
Describe how HIV viruses infect T - helper cells
1. binding to CD4 and over receptors 2. infection by injecting ss RNA 3. reverse transcription (ssRNA-> dsDNA) 4. integration of viral DNA into host by integrase 5. viral DNA replicated and used to create viral proteins 6. proteins come together and bud off 7. maturation- proteases cut protein chains which recombine to create working virus
35
Describe how the viral load and T helper cell number changes throughout a HIV infection
- in first months viral load increases rapidly and a dip is seen in T helper cell number (this stage is usually asymptomatic and they're highly contagious) - then viral load drops and t helper cells recover in stage 1 - in stage 2/3 the viral load increases and t helper cells decrease to 500-200 cells/mm^3, symptoms start to arise - then severe HIV/ AIDS at CD4< 200 cells/ mm^3, serious problems arise
36
Describe the symptoms of HIV that start to arise in stage 2/3 of the disease
- fever and weight loss - enlarged lymph nodes - nausia/ vomiting - spleno and hepatomegaly - cough and sore throat (longer than 3 weeks) - thrush - kasposi sarcoma (herpres virus/ rash) - commonly these pts will present in 30s/ 40s
37
Describe the symptoms of acute HIV infection which often go unnoticed
- fever - weightloss - sores and thrush - rash - headaches most go unnoticed/ dismissed for cold
38
What opportunistic infections are often common with AIDS?
- TB - PCP - cryptococcal disease - taxoplasmosis - candidiasis - STIs like gonorrhoea
39
What are symptoms and investigations for TB?
- weightloss, night sweats, cough, SoB, blood in sputum, headache, meningitis, seizures, joint pain, joint swelling, abdo pain - do acid fast test (+), do CXR (white), do head CT (often brain legions)
40
What is PCP? what is its effect?
a fungal infection of resp tract | causes SoB on exertion, dry cough, fatigue, white CXR but normal breath sounds
41
What is cryptococcal disease and effects?
- fungal infection | - causing headaches, fever, meningism, cough, seizures and coma
42
What is taxoplasmosis and its effect?
a protozoa | causes cerebral abecesses (ring enhanced legions), seizure, vomiting and coma
43
What is ghonorrhoea?
- a gram negative diplococcal infection - often sexually transmitted - causes a white discharge
44
How can HIV be tested for?
- serology: HIV antigen and antibody can be tested for after 4 weeks, results available on same day - PCR: sensitive and early detection but takes a week and is expensive- more used for treatment response than diagonsis - rapid tests: fingerpricks can be done in home and are accurate if negative but not as much if positive
45
Who should be tested for HIV?
- those with pneumonia/ TB - meningitis/ demenita - psoriasis/ shingles - diahorrea and unexplained weight loss - anal cancer and lymphoma - any STI
46
What are the types of antiretroviral drugs?
- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - non- nucleoside revers TIs - protease inhibitors - integrase inhibitors - CCR5 (entry) inhibitors
47
Why should 3 different anti retrovirals be given?
to prevent resistance forming
48
What is prognosis of HIV on retrovirals??
very good | viral load can be reduced almost so low it cant be transmitted
49
Give an example of an exclusively acute viral infection?
influenza | polio
50
What type of viruses tend to become chronic infections?
RNA viruses
51
Why do chronic infections occur?
viral particles continue to be shed even after acute illness because the host immune system cannot clear it
52
How is HPV spread?
sexual intercourse, skin- skin contact
53
What areas are most commonly affected by HPV?
cervix, mouth and throat, anus
54
What does HPV cause in short and long term?
short term- usually genital worts | long term- linked to cervical cancer

Infection (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions