Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity and GI Tract Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?
- CMV is a double-stranded DNA β-herpesvirus (HHV-5/ HCMV) affecting many people across their lifespan
- often asymptomatic, it can cause congenital infections and affect immunocompromised individuals
How common is CMV?
- very common
- 1% of newborns and up to 80% of adults over 35 may have it
- True prevalence is likely higher due to latent infection
How is CMV transmitted?
- transmitted via saliva, urine, blood, sexual contact, breast milk, and organ transplants
- It can also be transmitted indirectly or by droplets
Why is CMV significant in dental settings?
If a patient is contagious, limit exposure in dental settings—especially for pregnant hygienists with no prior CMV infection
What is Congenital Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease?
- condition occurs when CMV is passed from mother to fetus
- Only 10% of infected infants show symptoms like rash, seizures, jaundice, and microcephaly
What is the ‘Owl’s eye’ in CMV infection?
It’s a histologic feature seen in CMV-infected cells, particularly in salivary glands
What oral findings are linked to CMV?
CMV can cause ulcers on the soft palate, lips, and tongue
How is CMV managed?
- no cure
- symptomatic cases are treated with antivirals like Ganciclovir or Valganciclovir
- prevention through hygiene is key
Where does the Hepatitis virus replicate?
hepatocytes and kupffer cells
What do all forms of acute hepatitis present with?
- jaundice
- fever, weight loss, fatigue
- dark urine
- hepatosplenomegaly
- nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
What is HBV or HCV cirrhosis and ascites?
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity that can result in hepatocellular carcinoma
What is Hepatitis A?
- naked RNA virus, spread via the fecal-oral route, often from contaminated food or close contact
How is Hepatitis A diagnosed?
- Acute infection: HAV-IgM
- Past infection/immunity: HAV-IgG
- RT-PCR and cell culture also exist but are less common
What liver enzymes indicate hepatitis?
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) indicate liver damage
Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis A?
- Yes, HAV vaccine is available
- Two types: RotaTeq (3 doses) and Rotarix (2 doses)
What is Hepatitis B?
Hepatnavirus (DNA), with 4 serotypes and 8 genotypes, that increases the risk of liver cancer and 90% of children infected become chronic
How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
1: Transmission through use of used needles
2: Sexual transmission
3: Vertical transmission
What do HBV antigens indicate?
- HBsAg: current infection
- HBeAg: high infectivity
- HBcAg: internal core antigen
How is the Hepatitis B vaccine made?
Recombinant and plasma-derived vaccines are used, often with aluminum adjuvants
Who should receive the Hepatitis B vaccine?
All infants, unvaccinated adults, healthcare workers, and people with risk factors
What is Hepatitis C?
a Flavivirus RNA, that has no vaccine available
How is Hepatitis C transmitted?
Transmitted via blood, IDU (most common), and sex
What are global concerns and outcomes of HCV?
- 70–85% become chronic
- more common than HIV
- major cause of liver transplants
- major cause of mortality in HIV patients
- Can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer
- Type 1a/1b are common genotypes
What are the symptoms of HCV?
Nausea, vomiting, jaundice, rash, abdominal pain, and fatigue
