Viral Infections of the URT Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is the most common acute illness evaluated in the outpatient setting?
Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) represents the most common acute illness evaluated in the outpatient setting.
What age group is most commonly affected by upper respiratory tract infections?
Viruses account for most of the URI and are common in children.
What are the common types of upper respiratory tract infections?
Common types of upper respiratory tract infections include rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, laryngitis, croup, and tracheitis.
Which viruses are commonly associated with nasopharyngitis (the common cold)?
Nasopharyngitis is commonly caused by rhinovirus, human coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and influenza virus.
What is the main cause of viral pharyngitis?
Viral pharyngitis is primarily caused by adenovirus, enterovirus, influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.
Which viruses are commonly associated with croup?
Croup is commonly caused by parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, and enterovirus.
What are the common viruses that cause rhinosinusitis?
Rhinosinusitis is caused by rhinovirus, human coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus.
How are upper respiratory tract infections typically transmitted?
Upper respiratory tract infections are typically transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing and by touching the nose or mouth with infected hands.
What is the incubation period for rhinovirus?
The incubation period for rhinovirus is 1-5 days.
What is the incubation period for influenza and parainfluenza virus?
The incubation period for influenza and parainfluenza virus is 1-4 days.
What is the incubation period for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
The incubation period for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is 7 days.
What are some protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract?
Protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract include hair lining the nose, mucus trapping potential invaders, ciliated cells trapping and transporting pathogens, and collections of lymphoid cells (adenoids and tonsils).
Why are upper respiratory tract infections more common in winter months?
Upper respiratory tract infections are more common in winter months due to cold weather, more time spent indoors, and low humidity.
What are the clinical features of nasopharyngitis?
Clinical features of nasopharyngitis include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion or obstruction, sneezing, persistent purulent nasal discharge, cough from post-nasal drips, mouth breathing, headache, and mild fever in children.
What are the clinical features of pharyngitis?
Clinical features of pharyngitis include sore throat, pain on swallowing, fever, myalgia, headache, exudates, vesicles, and cervical lymphadenopathy.
What are the clinical features of rhinosinusitis?
Clinical features of rhinosinusitis include nasal discharge, facial pain, nasal obstruction, dry mouth, and foul breath.
What are the clinical features of croup?
Clinical features of croup include painful or difficult swallowing, sensation of lump in the throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, barking cough, and myalgia.
What are the indications for antibiotic use in otitis media?
Indications for antibiotic use in otitis media include systemic illness, bilateral otitis media, ear pain despite analgesics, fever ≥39°C, children under 2 years of age, and immunocompromised children.
What is the first-choice antibiotic for otitis media?
The first-choice antibiotic for otitis media is amoxicillin.
What are the indications for antibiotic use in acute sinusitis?
Indications for antibiotic use in acute sinusitis include symptoms lasting 10 days without improvement, 3-4 days of fever ≥39°C with purulent nasal discharge or facial pain, and worsening after initial improvement with new onset of fever, headache, or increased nasal discharge.
What is the first-choice antibiotic for acute sinusitis?
The first-choice antibiotic for acute sinusitis is amoxicillin.
What is the Centor scoring system used for?
The Centor scoring system is used to assess the likelihood of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis.
What are the signs and symptoms considered in the Centor scoring system?
Signs and symptoms considered in the Centor scoring system include fever >38.0°C, no cough, tender anterior cervical lymphadenitis, and tonsillar exudates.
What is the recommended treatment for Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis?
For Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis, the recommended treatment includes antibiotics such as amoxicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, cephalexin, or azithromycin.
