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Chemical Pathology > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Where do most of the errors within the virological total testing process lie

A

Preanalytical

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2
Q

Name 10 examples of pre analytical errors within the total testing process

A

• Incorrect analysis ordered
• orderer of test not marked
• incorrect test request
• test request lost
• pt id error
• pt preparation error
• mislabelling of test tube
• sample collection error
• incorrect handling of samples
• transport error

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3
Q

Name 4 examples of analytical errors within the total testing process

A

• Sample lost
• sample mix up
• equipment failure
• analytical error
(Least errors)

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4
Q

Name 4 examples of post analytical errors within the total testing process

A

• test result lost
• turnaround time
• transcription error
• incorrect interpretation

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5
Q

Name 6 complications of measles infection

A

• Otitis media
• diarrhoea
• pneumonia
• encephalitis
• persistent measles infection
- subacute sclerosing panencephalitis sspe
- measles inclusion body encephalitis MIBE in inmunosuppressed
• higher mortality in children, especially under 5 years

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6
Q

Name 3 common symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome

A

• Eyes: cataracts > pigmentatory retinopathy > glaucoma
• ears: hearing loss
• heart: congenital heart disease- PDA > ps

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7
Q

Test for hepatitis A?

A

Hepatitis A IGM blood specimen

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8
Q

Test for hepatitis B infection?

A

Hep B surface antigen, blood sample

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9
Q

Test for hepatitis B immunity?

A

Blood: surface antibody

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10
Q

Test for hepatitis C infection?

A

Blood: Hepatitis C antibodies
If positive, confirm with HCV PCR

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11
Q

What does hiv-1 DNA pcr test detect

A

Viral DNA and RNA

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12
Q

Which patients get hiv-1 DNA pcr test

A

Infant diagnosis <24 months to avoid false positive with ELISA (maternal antibodies)
Confirm positive with another PCR

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13
Q

What does HIV ELISA test detect

A

Antibodies and p24 antigen

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14
Q

Which patients receive HIV ELISA test

A

> 24 months

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15
Q

What does rapid HIV test detect

A

HIV antibodies only

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16
Q

Who receives rapid HIV test

A

•>24 months
Confirm positive rapid tests with pcr in all children 18-24 months

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17
Q

Major side effect of zidovudine (azt)?

A

Bone marrow suppression: anaemia, neutropenia

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18
Q

Major side effect of NRTI drugs (eg tenofovir TDF, lamivudine 3Tc, abacavir, zidovudine)?

A

Mitochondrial dysfunction: lactic acidosis, hepatic toxicity, pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, lipoatrophy, myopathy

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19
Q

Name 7 risk factors for severe SARS cov 2 disease or mortality

A

• older age
• ht
• cardiovascular disease
• COPD
• Diabetes
• obesity
• Malignancy

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20
Q

Name 2 major side effects of tenofovir TDF (NRTI)

Study These Flashcards
A

• Mitochondrial dysfunction: lactic acidosis, hepatic toxicity, pancreatitis,peripheral neuropathy, lipoatrophy, myopathy
. Renal toxicity: renal tubular dysfunction

21
Q

Name 4 major side effects of protease inhibitors (eg lopinavir/ rotinavir)

Study These Flashcards
A

• Hyperlipidaemia, fat accumulation
• insulin resistance, diabetes
• osteopenia
• some cause skin rashes and hypersensitivity reactions

22
Q

Name major side effects of NNRTI (eg nevirapine NvP, efavirenz efv)

Study These Flashcards
A

Skin rashes and hypersensitivity reactions

23
Q

Name 2 major side effects of abacavir ABC (nrti)

Study These Flashcards
A

• Skin rashes and hypersensitivity reactions
• mitochondrial dysfunction: lactic acidosis, hepatic toxicity, myopathy, pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, lipoatrophy

24
Q

Define art treatment failure

Study These Flashcards
A

Unsuppressed viral load >1000 for >3 months

25
Test for measles infection (rubeola) (2)
• Serology igm/igg • PCR of nasopharyngeal /throat swab within 5 days of macula popular rash onset, or urine.
26
Test for rubella infection (German measles) (2)
• Serology igm/igg • PCR of throat swab or urine
27
Test for Herpes 6/7 infection (roseola infantum) (2)
Mostly clinical dx, not routine lab test: fever then maculopopular rash on trunk Can do • serology hhv -6 igm/igg only some labs • Blood PCR
28
Test for parvovirus B19 infection (slapped cheek disease ) (2)
• Serology ig m/ig G • Blood PCR
29
Test for vesicular rashes in childhood?
Eg VZv, hsv, enterovirus Vesicle flood PCR for all
30
Test for mumps infection (2)
• Serology igm/ig G • PCR of oral /buccal swab, or urine
31
Test for viral CNS meningitis and encephalitis?
Eg enterovirus meningitis, mumps meningitis, HSV 1/2 encephalitis All CSF PCR
32
Test for rabies encephalitis?
Saliva PCR notifiable
33
Test for CNS polio?
2 stools 2 days apart within 2 weeks of onset: cell culture, PCR Notifiable (Stool most sensitive test)
34
Test for HsV ocular dendritic ulcer?
Corneal/vesicle swab for PCR
35
Test for adenovirus pink eye?
Eye or throat swab PCR
36
Test for viral upper respiratory infections?
Eg rhino, coronavirus Nasal/throat swab PCR
37
Test for viral lower respiratory infections?
NPA PCR
38
Test for viral gastroenteritis?
Eg rotavirus, norovirus Stool PCR
39
Name 9 category 1 viral notifiable conditions, and who and how to report
Immediate reporting within 24 hours by healthcare provider and lab • acute flaccid paralysis • measles • poliomyelitis • rabies • Respiratory disease caused by novel respiratory pathogen • rift valley fever • smallpox • viral haemorrhagic fever diseases • yellow fever
40
Name 5 category 2 viral notifiable conditions, and who and how to report
Within 7 days by healthcare provider and lab • congenital rubella syndrome • hepatitis A, b, c, E
41
Name 3 category 3 viral notifiable conditions, and who and how to report
Within 7 days by lab • West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, chikungunya virus . Dengue fever virus, other imported arboviruses • rubella virus
42
How long defer art if cryptococcal or Tb meningitis
4-6 weeks
43
HIV prophylaxis for infant with maternal vl at delivery <1000
Nevirapine only 6 weeks
44
HIV prophylaxis for infant with maternal vl at delivery > 1000 and breastfed
NvP 12 weeks, AZT 6 weeks
45
HIV prophylaxis for infant with maternal vl at delivery > 1000 and formula fed
NVp 6 weeks AZT 6 weeks
46
Name 3 drugs that treat both hepatitis B and HIV
. Lamivudine • tenafovir • entricitabine
47
Describe epi vaccination against polio
OPV: birth, 6 weeks (can cause Vapp) IPV (as part of Dtap - ipv-hib- hepb): 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks, 18 months
48
Max age that can give rotavirus vaccine?
24 weeks (cause intussasception)

Chemical Pathology (23 decks)

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