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Medicine I > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Virus characteristics

A

no membrane bound organelles; cannot make own proteins or energy, requires host cell to reproduce; categorized as either DNA or RNA virus

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2
Q

Virus structure

A

Have protein coat (capsid); have DNA or RNA internally; sometimes have lipoprotein envelope external to protein coat

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3
Q

Stages of Viral infection

A

Incubation period (pt asymptomatic) -> Prodromal period (nonspecific symptoms) -> Specific-illness period (characteristic signs and symptoms present) -> Recovery period (illness wanes)

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4
Q

Viral pathogenesis

A

Transmission (virus enters host), Replication (also damages cells), Spread, Immune system response (destroys host cells sometimes increasing symptom severity due to cell breakdown), Persistence (vrius remains but is dormant)

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5
Q

DNA Virus Subgroups

A

dsDNA (double stranded DNA) - may be enveloped or naked
ssDNA (single stranded DNA) - naked

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6
Q

RNA Virus Subgroups

A

ssRNA (single stranded DNA) - further broken up by polarity (+ or -)
positive may be naked/envelope
negative are always enveloped
dsRNA (double stranded RNA) - may also be + or - for polarity; always naked; only Reovirus

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7
Q

Effects of Viral Infection

A

Deaths, fusion of cells to form multinucleated cells, malignant transformation, and no apparent change

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8
Q

How viral symptoms are caused by cell killing

A

Macromolecular synthesis inhibition in infected cells results in s+s; death of viral cells results in loss of function of those cells and additional symptoms

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9
Q

Herpesvirus genome type

A

DNA

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10
Q

Adenovirus genome type

A

DNA

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11
Q

Poxviruses genome type

A

DNA

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12
Q

HPV (Human papillomavirus) genome type

A

DNA

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13
Q

EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) genome type

A

DNA

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14
Q

Parvovirus B19 genome type

A

DNA

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15
Q

Rhinovirus genome type

A

DNA

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16
Q

Influenza genome type

A

RNA

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17
Q

Enterovirus genome type

A

RNA

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18
Q

Measles genome type

A

RNA

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19
Q

Mumps genome type

A

RNA

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20
Q

Parainfluenza genome type

A

RNA

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21
Q

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial virus) genome type

A

RNA

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22
Q

Coronavirus genome type

A

RNA

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23
Q

Hepatitis genome type

24
Q

Ebola genome type

25
Rubella genome type
RNA
26
Norovirus genome type
RNA
27
Rotavirus genome type
RNA
28
Rabies genome type
RNA
29
HIV genome type
RNA
30
Aboviruses genome type
mostly RNA
31
Main ways viruses avoid host defenses
Synthesis of receptors for immune system mediators reduction of expression of MHC1 proteins (avoiding T cells) inhibition of interferon synthesis and action
32
Herpesvirus
Two types: HSV-1 (above waist) and HSV-2 (below waist)
33
Adenovirus
Upper/lower respiratory tract infection mostly Transmitted by aerosol droplet, fecal-oral route, direct contact via fingers
34
Poxvirus
Transmission - respiratory aerosol, direct contact via contact w skin lesion or fomite such as bleeding Clinical findings - fever, malaise, rash which is worst on face and extremities includes Molluscum Contagiosum
35
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Transmission - skin/skin contact, genital contact, via microabrasions in skin Most common STI in US HPV - many types; cause symptoms ranging from benign tumors, genital warts, premalignant lesions, carcinomas of cervix, penus, anus, and oral cancer
36
Influenza
Transmission - airborne respiratory droplets Upper/lower respiratory tract infection Rarely causes Reye's syndrome which causes life-threatening encephalopathy and liver degeneration in children
37
Enterovirus
38
Measles virus
Transmissions - respiratory droplets by coughing/sneezing Primarily in childhood Distinct rash including Koplik's spots (bright red lesions with white central dot on buccal mucosa), spreads to face and down body
39
Mumps virus
Transmitted via respiratory droplets (most during Winter) Mostly upper respiratory tract infections, but also parotid glands, testes, ovaries, pancreas, meninges Can cause orchitis in post pubertal makes (resulting in sterility) NO RASH
40
Parainfluenza
Transmitted via respiratory droplets Can cause croup in children under five Generally upper/lower resp infections
41
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact via contaminated hands with mucosal membrane RSV - most severe in infants affecting lower respiratory tract
42
Coronavirus
Transmitted via respiratory droplets primarily and direct contact via contaminated hands w mucosal membrane Wide range in symptom severity SARS-CoV can cause penumonia resulting in hypoxia, higher severity symptoms SARS, MERS varieties
43
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Transmission - primarily sexual contact, also transfer of blood, mother to neonate via placenta, birth canal, breast milk Acute, late, immunodeficiency stages (AIDS)
44
Epstein-Barr Virus
Transmitted via respiratory secretions + saliva Can cause mononucleosis (mono), associated with Burkitt's lymphoma Type of herpes
45
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Subtype of hepatitis virus Transmitted via fecal-oral route Affects children most, but they are not normally symptomatic Virus replicates in GI tract before spreading in liver and infecting hepatocytes, cytotoxic T cells (which attack hepatocytes)
46
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Subtype of hepatitis virus Transmitted via blood, sexual intercourse, and perinatally from mother to newborn Often asymptomatic but if symptomatic may become chronic and lead to cirrhosis of liver follwed by death Can be managed but not cured
47
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Subtype of hepatitis virus Transmitted through blood-IV drug use for most new infections, also perinatally from mother to child, needle stick injuries Often asymptomatic, but 50% become chronic infections Infects hepatocytes and predisposed people to hepatocellcular carcinoma (HCC)
48
Hepatitis
Many subtypes - A-G Transmitted variably, often either fecal-oral or blood All subtypes attack liver mostly
49
Ebola
Transmitted via blood and bodily fluids Causes hemorrhagic fever which is extremely virulent Pathogenesis progresses to bleeding in skin and GI tract, followed by shock and organ failure 90% mortality rate, survivors often left with severe sequeliae
50
Rubella
Transmitted via respiratory droplers and mother to fetus via placenta Characterized by congenital malformations Major concern for pregnant women due to risk to fetus Distinct maculopapular rash starting on face and moving down to extremities
51
Parvovirus
Transmitted via respiratory route, placenta, blood transfusions Can cause erythema infetiosum (slapped cheek syndrome), aplastic anemia, fetal infections, arthritis in adult women
52
Rhinovirus
Transmitted via droplets of cough/sneeze, indirectly contaminated surfaces come in contact with mucosal membranes Main cause of common cold Generally upper respiratory infections
53
Norovirus
Transmission via fecal-oral route, ingestion of contaminated seafood/water Common cause of diarrhea, gastroenteritis (common cause of food poisoning)
54
Rotavirus
Transmitted via fecal-oral route Common cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children Puts children at risk of dehydration due to excessive nonbloody diarrhea Other symptoms - nausea, vomiting
55
Rabies virus
Transmitted via bite of rabid animal (virus in saliva of rabid animal) Multiplies locally at bite site Characterized by encephalitis
56
Arboviruses
Transmitted via insect vector biting Mosquito and tick viruses Generally asymptomatic, but may become very severe Severe symptoms - encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, fever w myalgia, arthralgia, non hemorrhagic rash
57

Medicine I (4 decks)

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