Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations Exam 1 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

(22 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Hepatitis B

  • Infectious family?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Duration?
  • Complications?
A

Hepatitis B = sex and drugs

  • Infectious family: Hepadnaviridae family
  • Transmission:
    • Vertical (mother to baby)
    • Parenterally (needles)
    • Sexual contact
  • Symptoms:
    • Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, RUQ pain, arthralgia, rash, clay colored stools, dark urine, jaundice
  • Duration:
    • Severl months
  • Complications:
    • Fulminant hepatitis leading to liver necrosis and death
    • Chronic hepatitis associated with cirrhosis
    • Liver failure
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hepatitis C

  • Infectious family?
  • Why is it difficult to make a vaccine?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications?
A

Hepatitis C = leading cause for liver transplants, drugs and sex, screen in baby boomer patients

  • Infectious family:
    • Flaviviridae family
    • 11 genotypes - difficult to make vaccine
  • Transmission:
    • Parenterally (45% of cases caused by needle sharing)
    • Sexually transmitted
  • Symptoms:
    • Usually asymptomatic
    • 10-18 years to develop chronic hepatitis
  • Complications:
    • Cirrhosis
    • Increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mumps

  • Infectious agent?
  • Transmission?
  • Epidemic peaks?
  • Symptoms:
  • Complications?
  • Treatments?
A

Mumps = orchitis, meningitis, MMR

  • Infectious agent:
    • Mumps virus
  • Transmission:
    • Respiratory droplets
    • Direct contact or fomites
    • Affects upper respiratory tract
  • Epidemic peaks:
    • Later winter to early spring
  • Symptoms:
    • Fever, malaise, anorexia
    • Tender salivary gland swelling
  • Complications:
    • Orchitis in post pubertal males
    • Meningitis
  • Treatments:
    • MMR vaccine
    • No antivirals and no passive immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hepatitis A

  • Infectious family?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Duration?
A

Hepatitis A = acute hepatitis, fecal oral route

  • Picornaviridae family
  • Transmission:
    • Fecal oral route
    • Contaminated food or water
  • Symptoms:
    • RUQ pain (where liver is)
    • Hepatomegaly
    • Jaundice
    • Dark urine
    • Clay colored stools
    • Fever
    • Nausea
    • Anorexia
  • Duration:
    • Days to weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Herpes zoster (Shingles)

  • Part of which family?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications?
A

Herpes zoster (Shingles) = vesicles along dermatome

Same as Varicella

  • Herpesvirus family (latent infections)
  • Transmission:
    • Respiratory droplets
    • Direct contact with lesions
  • Symptoms:
    • Painful vesicles along course of sensory nerve of the head or trunk
  • Complications:
    • Postherpetic neuralgia
    • Pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HIV - 1

  • Infectious family?
  • Genome?
  • Transmission?
  • What kind of cells does it infect and kill?
  • Describe host cell and virus relationship
  • Describe the infectious cycle
A

HIV - 1 = infects helper CD4 T lymphocytes

  • Infectious family: Retrovirus family
  • Genome: Lentivirus genome
  • Transmission:
    • Requires intimate contact with infecting source
    • Sexual contact
    • Perinatal transmission (mother to baby)
    • Virus has been detected in saliva, tears, and urine, but these sources have not been shown to be infectious
  • Primarily infects and kills helper CD4 T lymphocytes
  • HIV is NOT transmitted by:
    • Insects, toilet seats, kissing, sharing cutlery, touching
  • HIV IS transmitted by:
    • Unprotected sex, pregnancy, breast feeding, injecting drugs, blood transfusions, organ transplants
  • Host cell and virus relationship
    • Viral latency
    • Virus becomes cytopathic, killing infected and uninfected T cells
  • Infectious cycle
    • Acute stage
      • Symptomatic
      • 2 weeks
    • Latent stage
      • Asymptomatic
      • 7-10 years
      • Virus is being produced and sequestered in lymph nodes
    • Immunodeficiency stage (AIDS)
      • Decline in CD4 cells
      • Increased frequency of opportunistic infections
        *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Roseola (Exanthem subitum)

  • Infectious agent?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
A

Roseola (Exanthem subitum) = human herpesvirus 6 or 7, faint maculopapular rash

  • Infectious agent:
    • Human herpesvirus 6 or 7
  • Transmission
    • Saliva
  • Symptoms:
    • Fever
    • Faint maculopapular rash spreading from trunk to extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prions

  • What are they made of?
  • What is the clinical significance of this?
  • What part of the body do they affect?
  • What diseases does it cause?
A

Prions

  • Composed entirely of protein
  • This is the exception to the basic viral structure
  • Since there is no genetic material (DNA/RNA), you cannot dx it and it is usually found on autopsy
  • Disrupts neuron function
  • Diseases:
    • Mad cow disease
    • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (human form of mad cow)
    • Kuru (cannabalism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arboviruses

  • Transmission?
  • What are the three families?
  • What is the clinical presentation?
  • Prevention?
A

Arboviruses = Arthropod borne

  • Transmission:
    • Infected blood sucking insects (mosquitos, ticks, sandflies)
    • Primarily occurs in the tropics
  • Families:
    • Togavirus
    • Flavivirus
    • Bunyavirus
  • Clinical presentation:
    • Acute febrile illness
    • Encephalitis
    • Meningitis
  • Prevention:
    • Immunizations for yellow fever, tick born, and Japanese B encephalitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enterovirus

  • Infectious family?
  • Transmission?
  • Increased prevalence when?
  • What diseases does this cause?
A

Enterovirus = Polio, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus

  • Infectious family: Picornaviridae family
  • Transmission: fecal/oral route
  • Increased prevelance: Summer and Fall
  • Causes:
    • Poliovirus
    • Coxsackievirus
    • Echovirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Measles (Rubeola)

  • What is the infectious agent?
  • Transmission?
  • Epidemic peaks?
  • Symptoms?
A

Measles (Rubeola) = Morbillivirus, Koplik spots (white sand with surrounding erythema on buccal mucosa), droplets in air up to 2 hours

  • Infectious agent: Morbillivirus
  • Transmission:
    • Person to person contact
    • Respiratory droplets - can remain in air for 2 hours!
  • Epidemics:
    • Winter
    • Spring
  • Symptoms:
    • Koplik spots - white sand with surrounding erythema on buccal mucosa
    • Fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, rash on head, then trunk and extremities
  • MMR vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rubella

  • Also know as?
  • Infectious agent?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications?
  • What is the risk of fetal damage?
A

Rubella = German measles, petechial lesions on soft palate, risk of fetal damage

  • Infectious agent: rubella virus
  • Transmission:
    • Respiratory droplets
    • Upper respiratory tract
      • Spreads through blood to lymphoid tissue, skin, and organs
    • Transplacental spread to fetus is congenital rubella
  • Symptoms:
    • Petechial lesions (do not blanch when touched) on soft palate
    • Macular rash, faint located over head, neck and trunk
  • Complications:
    • Arthritis
    • Thrombocytopenic purpura (bleeding disorder, easily bruised)
    • Encephalitis
  • Risk of fetal damage
    • Fetal malformation
    • Chronic fetal infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Varicella (Chickenpox)

  • Part of which family?
  • Transmission?
  • Where does virus become latent?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications?
  • Vaccine can help prevent what?
A

Varicella (Chickenpox) = papulovesciular rash, dorsal root ganglia

  • Herpesvirus family (latent infections)
  • Transmission:
    • Respiratory droplets
    • Direct contact with lesions
  • Virus travels via sensory neurons to the dorsal root ganglia and becomes latent
  • Symptoms:
    • Papulovesciular rash - starts on trunk, then spreads to head and extremities
    • Pruritis
    • Fever, malaise
  • Complications:
    • Varicella pneumonia
    • Encephalitis
    • Reye’s syndrome (in children)
  • Vaccine can help prevent post herpatic neuralgia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rotavirus

  • Infectious agent?
  • Affects who the most?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications?
  • Prevention?
A

Rotavirus = affects baby animals and children, fecal/oral, vomit, watery brown stools, dehydration

  • Infectious agent: Rotavirus
  • Affects baby animals and children
  • Transmission:
    • Fecal oral route
    • Cooler months
  • Symptoms:
    • Abrupt onset
    • Vomiting
    • Watery, brown stools
  • Complications:
    • Dehydration
  • Prevention:
    • Rigorous hygiene measures
    • Live, oral rotavirus vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Norwalk virus

  • Infectious agent?
  • Transmission? Consumption of?
  • Symptoms? Incubation?
  • Complications?
A

Norwalk virus = fecal/oral, uncooked shellfish, vomiting, diarrhea, short incubation, cruise ships

  • Infectious agent: Norovirus
  • Transmission:
    • Fecal oral route
    • Consumption of uncooked shellfish, contaminated food or water
  • Symptoms:
    • Abrupt onset of vomiting and diarrhea
    • Incubation: 10-51 hours
  • Complications:
    • Dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rabies encephalitis

  • Infectious family?
  • Transmission?
  • Multiples where and travels where?
  • Usually spread by what animals now?
  • How long do people survive after becoming symptomatic?
  • Prevention?
Study These Flashcards
A

Rabies encephalitis = rapidly fatal, inactivated vaccine for pre-exposure

  • Infectious family: Rhabdoviridae family
  • Transmission:
    • Infected secretions (usually a bite)
    • Multiples in muscle cells, then travels to central nervous system to replicate in brains
  • Usually spread by raccoons and coyotes now
  • Median survival after becoming symptomatic:
    • 4 days
    • Maximum is 20 days
  • Prevention:
    • Pre exposure - inactivated vaccine
    • Post exposure - globulin plus rabies vaccine
17
Q

Hepatitis E

  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Duration?
  • Complications?
Study These Flashcards
A

Hepatitis E = fecal/oral, can be fatal especially in pregnancy

  • Transmission: fecal oral route
  • Symptoms:
    • Often subclinical - symptoms are not always readily observable
    • Jaundice, anorexia, hepatomegaly, nausea, vomiting, fever
  • Duration:
    • 1-2 weeks
  • Complications:
    • Can be fatal when symptomatic, especially in pregnancy
18
Q

Common cold

  • What is the most common infectious agent?
  • What is the entry point?
  • Symptoms?
  • What symptoms are not associated with common cold?
  • Epidemic peaks?
Study These Flashcards
A

Rhinovirus = common cold

Common cold

  • Infectious agent: Rhinovirus
  • Entry point is upper respiratory tract via direct or indirect respiratory droplets
  • Symptoms: sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, headache
  • Few systemic symptoms
  • Epidemic peaks: early fall and spring
19
Q

Viral phayngitis

  • Infectious agent?
  • Symptoms?
  • Diagnostic testing?
Study These Flashcards
A

Viral phayngitis

  • LOTS of infectious agents
  • Symptoms: sore throat, nasal congestion, hoarseness, coryza, ear pain, cough, headache, malaise, fever
  • Diagnositc testing:
    • Rapid strep to r/o bacterial infection
    • Throat culture to r/o bacterial infection
20
Q

Hepatitis D

  • What does this require for transmission?
  • What is the greatest at risk population?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications?
Study These Flashcards
A

Hepatitis D = can only occur in patients with Hep B

  • Requires Hep B surface antigen for transmission
  • Injection drug users are at the greatest risk
  • Symptoms:
    • Simultaneous Hep D and B infection - looks like Hep A or Hep B
    • Chronic Hep B with superimposed Hep D - jaundice replapse and high risk chronic cirrhosis
  • Complications:
    • Progressive liver disease
    • Chronic cirrhosis
21
Q

Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

  • Infectious agent?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • What can it cause?
  • Complications?
  • What complications does it cause in fetuses?
Study These Flashcards
A

Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) = Parvovirus B19, slapped cheeks, can cause hydrops fetalis in fetuses

  • Infectious agent: Parvovirus B19
  • Transmission:
    • Respiratory route
    • Direct contact or fomites
    • Blood
    • Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
  • Symptoms:
    • Characterisic rash - confluent indurated rash on face, then macular, reticular rash on arms and legs
    • Fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, pruritis
  • Causes:
    • Lymphadenopathy
    • Splenomegaly
    • Milkd leukopenia
    • Anemia
  • Complications:
    • Hepatitis
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Nephritis
    • Encephalitis
  • Complications in pregnancy:
    • Anemia of fetus leading to stillbirth, damage to liver, heart, and other tissues causing extensive edema (hydrops fetalis)
22
Q

Influenza

  • What type is the most widespread?
  • When is the epidemic peak?
  • Transmission?
  • Symptoms?
  • Complications? Biggest complication?
  • What does the vaccine do?
  • What does antiviral do?
Study These Flashcards
A

Influenza = hit by a truck, step pneumonia

  • Influenza A, B, and C
  • A is most widespread
  • Epidemic peak: winter
  • Transmission: direct droplet spread, enters respiratory tract
  • Symptoms: “hit by a truck,” abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, headache, and chills
  • Complications:
    • Strep pneumonia - biggest complication!
    • Bacterial superinfection
    • Reye’s syndrome (in children)
  • Biggest thing that vaccine does is prevent strep pneumonia
  • Antiviral / Tamiflu only shortens the course

Foundations Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions