Virology Flashcards
(36 cards)
Which viruses that can be transmitted to the fetus?
Rubella
HIV
CMV
What are the key features of HSV?
- DNA
- Characterised by life long latency
- 50-80% = Type 1 = oral
- 13-70% = Type 2 = genital
- Neonatal herpes > neurological disability/death
What are the key features of VZV?
Primary infection = chickenpox
(complications = encephalitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, death)
Reactivation = Shingles
Live attenuated vaccine
What are the key features of EBV?
Causes infectious mononucleosis/glandular fever
- fatigue, fever, rash, sore throat, swollen neck glands, sore muscles
- worse if caught later in life
- latent in B cells
Can lead to Burkitts lymphoma, hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Spread by contact with saliva
What are the key features of CMV?
- Latent in bone marrow + circulating monocytes
- Major cause mortality/morbidity in immunosuppressed
- Leading infectious cause of congenital malformation
What are the key features of HPV?
- Infect moist membranes + skins
- Many infections asymptomatic
- Skin + Genital warts
- Cancer - cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, throat
- 6/11 = most common cause genital warts
- 16/18 = cervical cancers
- 16 = 90% anal cancers
What agent causes yellow fever and dengue fever?
Flavivirus
How is yellow fever transmitted?
Saliva of various mosquitos
What is the clinical presentation of yellow fever?
- Similar to influenza
- Serious cases = high temp, hepatitis, jaundice
What lab diagnosis is used for for yellow and dengue fever?
Serum
EDTA blood
Serology
PCR
How is yellow fever prevented?
Efficient vaccine
Yellow fever clinic in UK
What is the clinical presentation of dengue fever?
- DHF
- Rashes, headaches, muscle pain
- Haemorrhagic form often lethal
How is dengue fever treated and prevented?
No effective antivirals or vaccine (due to dengue antibody enhancement)
What is antibody enhancement?
Primary infection subtype 1
- antibody response
- antibodies bind virus + prevent it infecting cells
- macrophages recruited + destroy virus
Second infection subtype 1
- Pre-exiting antibodies bind virus…
Second infection with subtype 2
- Pre-existing antibodies bind virus but do not inactivate it
- Macrophages recruited, but now they become infected
How is hantavirus transmitted?
- Mouse and rat ssp
- Urine/droppings
What is the clinical presentation of hantavirus?
- Hamorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
- Nephritis and kidney failure
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
What lab diagnosis used for hantavirus?
Serum Urine Resp specimen EDTA Blood Serology PCR
How is hantavirus treated and prevented?
Supportive treatment only
No vaccine
What are the key features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?
- paramyxovirus
- very contagious, reinfection possible
- mostly infects infants > harmless rhinitis > can cause severe upper/lower resp tract infections
- complications = otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia
- no vaccine/therapy
How can influenza be differentiated from common cold?
- Influenza = lower resp tract infection
- High fever
- Headache, shivers, limb + muscle pain, loss of energy, cough, weakness + collapse
- 8-10 days with severe symptoms
What is antigenic drift?
Progressive small changes in envelope proteins through mutation = possible epidemic
What is antigenic shift?
Sudden massive changes in envelope protein through reassortment = possible pandemic
How can influenza be treated?
- Neuraminidase inhibition (reduced aerosol load)
2. Amantadine treatment (prevents virus replication)
What are the vaccination options for influenza?
- Flu shot
- inactivated vaccine containing split virions
- approved for anyone 6 m + - Nasal-spray
- LAIV
- Not for pregnant
