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Virology Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Of all the microorg, which is the smallest

A

Virus

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2
Q

Virus are obligate parasites . What does it mean

A

It means they need a host to survive. They can’t survive without a host

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3
Q

What is virus made up of

A

Nucleic acid and a protein coat

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4
Q

Characteristics of virus

A

They reproduce rapidly
Can’t reproduce without a host
They don’t have ribosomes so they can’t synthesize proteins
So they depend on the host’s ribosomes
They can’t produce energy so they depend on the host to get energy

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5
Q

Structure of the virus

A

From the outer portion :Envelope( made up of either lipid,protein,carbs)
Tergument
Capsid
Nucleic acid

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6
Q

Some virus produce enzymes. Give an example

A

HIV

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7
Q

Structure of virus

A

Spherical

Fillamentous

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8
Q

If a virus has an envelope made up of carbs and proteins what wil the name of the envelope be

A

Glycoprotein envelope

And it will surround the nucleocapsid

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9
Q

The projection on the outer layer of the virus are called? And what is their function

A

Spikes

They enable the virus to hook onto cells for attachment

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10
Q

Tergument is a protein that doesn’t have a fixed shape. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

Most proteins of the virus are found where

A

In the tergument

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12
Q

Antigen antibody test detects what in the virus

A

The protein in the virus

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13
Q

Function of the capsid

A

It gives the solid structure of the viruses and covers the nucleic acid and forms the nucleocapsid.
Inside the capsid is the nucleic acid so It protects the inner structure of the nucleic acid.
Enables virus to attach itself to the surface of the host and gain penetration into the host

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14
Q

Not all viruses have envelopes. Give an example

A

Ebola virus
Polio virus
HIV has envelope

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15
Q

Most viruses at which nucleic acid

A

RNA

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16
Q

With DNA, either they are double stranded or single stranded DNA and with RNA either they are double stranded or single stranded RNA true or false

A

True

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17
Q

Some RNA are positive strands and helps the virus replicate fast. How?

A

They can easily be converted into messenger RNA and then leads to protein translation

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18
Q

Some RNA are negative strands. What does it mean

A

They need another enzyme to convert the RNA into something for protein synthesis

Positive-sense viral RNA is similar to mRNA and thus can be immediately translated by the host cell. Negative-sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an RNA polymerase before translation.

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19
Q

What is reverse transcriptase

A

A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases are used by certain viruses such as HIV and the hepatitis B virus

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20
Q

Name two other Structure of viruses based on nucleic acid and structural proteins

A

Viroids- have only nucleic acid but no structural protein
Prions- looks like virus but aren’t virus( they’re composed mainly of protein tightly integrated w a small nucleic acid molecule

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21
Q

Rabies virus is the only virus with a bullet shape true or false

A

True

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22
Q

What is the suffix of the family and genus of viruses

A

Viridae and genus is virus

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23
Q

Which properties of viruses help them to be classified

A

Genome properties: type of nucleic acid, size of genome in kilo based or kilo base pairs, segments
Morphology: sizes, shapes, type of capsid, symmetry
Physiochemical-pH, stability, there
Al stability, susceptibility to physical and chemical agents
Nature of the host- plant host or animal host
Antigenic properties
Biological properties- method of transmission, disease caused

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24
Q

Symmetry types of viruses

A

Helical o

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25
Give two advantages of classification of viruses
Prompt identification of organisms for appropriate diagnosis and treatment To understand how the organisms causes diseases ( the pathogenicity of the organism)
26
Name four sources of viral infections
Viruses don’t grow in every cell 1. Saliva- rabies in dogs 2. Faeces - virus multiplication in small intestine example enteroviruses (example,polio) 3. Blood example HIV 4. Urine example Lassa fever 5. Body fluid example chicken pox
27
Name the processes by which viruses infect
1. Primary replication 2. Systemic Spread 3. Secondary replication 4. Cell tropism 5. Cell death 6. Immune response 7. Viral clearance or resistance
28
Explain how virus infects
1. When virus enters the body, they go into incubation period and multiply. 2.They start spreading thru the blood system. Then they go to specific organs of the body through the secondary lymph nodes. ( near the armpit) 3.They replicate more in the lymph nodes then they move into the cells and they attacking the organs and the tissues 4. Viruses affinity for specific body tissues( cell tropism) . Every virus has a receptor it can attach to to enter the host. When they enter the cytoplasm of the host, they shed off their protein coat cuz the Niclic acid will tell the host to make a copy of the viruses nucleic acid. Then when the copies are made, they put on the protein coat and then come out of the cell. If it’s an RNA virus it produces the mRNA and leads to the production of the proteins and the proteins come out with the protein coat 5.They cause cells to die When this occurs, the immune system tries to attack the virus and clear it or overcome it. Then it spread into the systems and causes diseases
29
Roles of secretory bodies
1. Cellular immune response : production of T cells | 2. Humoral immune response :leads to the production of antibodies
30
Pathogenesis of viral infections
Ability of the virus to enter the host and cause disease Infection is the ability of the virus to enter the host whether it causes an infection or not ``` Viral replication Adsorption or attachment Entry or penetration Uncoating Transcription Synthesis of virus components Assembly Release ```
31
When is a person said to be subclinical
Viral infections are not able to produce symptoms in the host
32
Why is the behavior of the virus receptor called lock and key
Example: polio virus can’t enter CD4 T cells cuz they don’t have a ligand or door for polio virus to enter to cause harm. When virus has a specific receptor for the ligand or door on the target cell then it attaches to it
33
Diagnosis of viral infections
Find genome of virus using PCR(polymerase chain reaction)or detect the antibody being produced by the body as a result of the virus using ELISA or rapid test
34
Treatment and importance of diagnosis of viral infections
Epidemiological information Public health intervention Discovery of drug resistance strain Surveillance
35
How is collection of specimen done
Culture virus or use PCR or antibody antigen detector Virus is cultured using egg yolk
36
What is the genus of Herpes viridae
``` Herpes- simplex viruses 1 and 2 Varicella-zoster viruses Epstein-Barr virus Human cytomegalovirus HHV 6,7,8 ```
37
Name characteristics of herpes
Has DNA nucleic acid Have glycoprotein spikes They are found in shape or icosahedral
38
Heroes simplex one occurs in children between 1-5 years . Give three symptoms of it
Sore throat Vesicular ulcerative lesions Swollen gum is common
39
Herpes simplex 2 is sexually transmitted true or false
True
40
Lab diagnosis of herpes
Gemsa staining of scrapings PCR to detect virus Serology
41
Human cytomegalovirus affects which people specifically and where and mode of transmission
``` Is usually in the blood Affects infants Is found everywhere In the world Mode of transmission is by close contact Attach T cells and organs of the body ```
42
Symptoms of cytomegalovirus
Fever headache Elevates ALT and AST Myagias
43
Lab diagnosis of cytomegalovirus
PCR Detect IgM antibody by ELISA ISolation of virus from urine or saliva
44
Retrovirus contains which genome
RNA but reverse transcribes into DNA on entering the host cells
45
HIV 1 is a member of which genus and characteristics of it
Lentivirus genus Is cylindrical shape RNA genomes with core proteins such as gag, pol, envelope proteins and ancillary proteins tat,rev, Nef
46
Difference between HIV 1 and hiv 2
HIv-1 has viral protein u which is an ancillary protein | HIV-2 has viral protein x
47
HIV-1 is from which animal and hiv-2 is from which animal
Chimpanzee and monkey
48
How many distinct groups of HIV-1 and subtypes of hiv-1
3 and 11 5 subtypes for hiv-2
49
In Ghana which HIV subtype is common
A and D
50
Differences between hiv-1 and hiv-2
HIV-1 - within 10 years you can die HIV-2 you’ll last longer HIV-1 mother to child transmission is higher HIV-2 mother to child transmission is lower HIV-1 plasma viral load is higher HIV-2 plasma viral load is lower Mortality rate is higher in hiv-1 than hiv-2
51
What is viraemia
When Viruses are in the blood
52
All you need to know about Adenoviruses
Transmission- respiratory and fecoral route Causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children ( serotypes 1-7) Gastroenteritis (serotypes 40-41) In immunodeficiency people they can die out of it even tho it is usually self limiting for the gastroenteritis If you also don’t keep them hydrated they can die out of it
53
Which organisms affect pregnant women
Parvovirus Listeria monocytogenes Rotavirus- rubella
54
What is arthralgia and how different is it from arthritis
It refers to pain in a joint and it is different cuz it’s a symptom and not a diagnosis while arthritis is a diagnosis and not a symptom
55
What are the similarities between Hep A and E virus
Both transmitted by Fecal oral route | Both cause acute hepatitis only
56
Hep A belongs to which family and hep R belongs to which family
Picornavirus and flaviviridae
57
Similarities between hep B and C
Both transmitted thru blood transfusion or direct contact w infected blood Both cause both acute and chronic infections, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular cancer
58
Hep D does not stand alone and is only possible to be seen with someone who already has hep B true or false
True
59
What is the structure of hep B nucleoplasmid and genome
Nucleocapsid contains a single copy of partially double stranded circular DNA genome which is covalently linked to the viral reverse transcriptase at the 5’ end of the complete strand
60
Hep A has a vaccine but it not routinely true or false
True
61
Since hep B can be sexually transmitted by body fluids then which people usually get it
Travelers and homosexuals
62
Which part of Hep B structure elicits antibodies
Envelope and core antigens
63
The core antigen of hep B is not detected in the blood true or false
True
64
Serology is the main method of hepatitis diagnosis true or false
True
65
What is the importance of surface antigens, envelope antigens and core antigens
Surface antigen are what are checked for in hep B screening to see if you are infected. Surface antibodies are checked to see if you are protected Envelope antigens: show if the virus is replicating or not. If positive then you can easily infect people Core antigens : are not detectable in the blood. Antibodies you produce against the core antigens show if you have been infected before
66
IgM shows what and IgG shows what
IgM shows if you’re acutely infected or there’s been a recent infection IgG shoes if you have a chronic infection
67
What is the goal in treatment of hep B currently
To suppress viral replication
68
What test is used to check for viral load and importance of checking for it
PCR It shows which patients require treatment and which need to b monitored Liver biopsy is also needed to determine this
69
Drugs given to hep B patients who need it
Adefovir Lamivudine Tenofovir
70
Hep C genome is .. while hep B genome is ..
RNA and DNA
71
Unlike hep B, hep C is curable true or false
True
72
If as an adult you get hep B, most cases are acute but it will be chronic for people who got it through mother to child transmission true or false
True
73
In which bodily fluids is hep B virus high
Blood Serum Wound exudates
74
Which body fluids is hep B virus moderate
Semen Saliva Vaginal fluid
75
In which body fluid is hep B virus low or not detectable or you can’t get it if you come into contact with these
``` Urine Faces Sweat Tears Breast milk ```
76
How many Clinical stages of HIV infection are there
4 Stage 1- asymptomatic Stage 2-Herpes roster, weight loss,recurrent respiratory tract infections,Fungal nail infections (Tinea) Stage3-severe weight loss,persistent oral candidiasis,pulmonary tuberculosis,severe bacterial infections Stage4-oesophageal candidiasis,extra pulmonary TB,Extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis,disseminated mycosis (extra pulmonary histoplasmosis,coccidioidomycosis),invasive cervical carcinoma,symptomatic HIV associated nephropathy or cardiomyopathy,recurrent bacterial pneumonia
77
Herpes nucleic acid structure is
Double stranded DNA
78
How does HIV infect and establish itself in the host
HIV infects a type of white blood cell in the body's immune system called a T-helper cell (also called a CD4 cell). These vital cells keep us healthy by fighting off infections and diseases. HIV cannot reproduce on its own. Instead, the virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and fuses with it (joins together). After HIV RNA is converted into DNA, HIV's integrase enzyme attaches itself to the end of the proviral DNA strands and it is passed through the wall of the cell nucleus. Once the proviral DNA enters the cell nucleus, it binds to the host DNA and then the HIV DNA strand is inserted into the host cell DNA. After HIV RNA is converted into DNA, HIV's integrase enzyme attaches itself to the end of the proviral DNA strands and it is passed through the wall of the cell nucleus. Once the proviral DNA enters the cell nucleus, it binds to the host DNA and then the HIV DNA strand is inserted into the host cell DNA.
79
What is viraemia
When Viruses are in the blood
80
All you need to know about Adenoviruses
Transmission- respiratory and fecoral route Causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children ( serotypes 1-7) Gastroenteritis (serotypes 40-41) In immunodeficiency people they can die out of it even tho it is usually self limiting for the gastroenteritis If you also don’t keep them hydrated they can die out of it
81
Which organisms affect pregnant women
Parvovirus Listeria monocytogenes Rotavirus- rubella

Microbiology (9 decks)

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