virology and mycology Flashcards by Emma Catalano

Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What is virology?

A

The study of viruses.

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Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What are the key characteristics of viruses?

A

Non-cellular, biologically inert, obligate intracellular parasites, cannot reproduce independently, infect all life forms, not visible with a light microscope.

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Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What is a virion?

A

A fully developed infectious viral particle.

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Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What are the two main components of a virion?

A

Nucleic acid core and a protein coat (capsid).

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Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What is a capsid made of?

A

Protein subunits called capsomeres.

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Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What is a nucleocapsid?

A

Combination of the nucleic acid and capsid.

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Q

Virology & Viral Structure

What is a viral envelope?

A

A lipid membrane surrounding some viruses

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Q

Which characteristics do viruses lack compared to bacteria?

A

No plasma membrane, no binary fission, no ribosomes, no ATP metabolism, no sensitivity to antibiotics.

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Q

Viral Morphology

What are the four types of viral morphology?

A

Icosahedral, enveloped, helical, and complex.

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Q

Viral Morphology

Describe an icosahedral virus.

A

Spherical virus with a geometric shape of 20 triangular faces.

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Q

Viral Morphology

Describe an enveloped virus.

A

Surrounded by a lipid membrane containing proteins and carbohydrates.

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Q

Viral Morphology

Describe a helical virus.

A

Rod-shaped, can be rigid or flexible, genome inside a cylindrical capsid (e.g., Ebola).

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Q

Viral Morphology

Describe a complex virus

A

Has more complicated structures (e.g., bacteriophage with an icosahedral head and helical tail).

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Q

Viral Genomes & Baltimore Classification

What genetic material can viruses have?

A

DNA or RNA, but never both simultaneously.

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Q

Viral Genomes & Baltimore Classification

What are the types of viral genomes?

A

Single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds), linear or circular.

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Q

Viral Genomes & Baltimore Classification

What is the Baltimore Classification System?

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A

A system classifying viruses based on their genetic material.

Q

Viral Genomes & Baltimore Classification

How many groups exist in the Baltimore Classification System?

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A

Seven

Q

Viral Genomes & Baltimore Classification

What are the key Baltimore groups?

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A

Group I: dsDNA, Group II: ssDNA, Group III: dsRNA, Group IV: (+) ssRNA, Group V: (-) ssRNA, Group VI: ssRNA with DNA intermediate, Group VII: dsDNA with RNA intermediate.

Q

Bacteriophage & Lifecycle

What is a bacteriophage?

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A

A virus that infects bacteria.

Q

Bacteriophage & Lifecycle

What are the two bacteriophage life cycles?

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A

Lytic and lysogenic.

Q

Bacteriophage & Lifecycle

What happens in the lytic cycle?

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A

Virus replicates and lyses (kills) the host cell.

Q

Bacteriophage & Lifecycle

What happens in the lysogenic cycle?

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A

Virus integrates into the host genome and remains dormant as a prophage.

Q

Bacteriophage & Lifecycle

What triggers lysogenic viruses to enter the lytic cycle?

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A

Host stress, DNA damage, or nutrient deprivation.

Q

Animal Viruses

How do animal viruses differ from bacteriophages?

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A

The entire virion enters the host, and many replicate in the nucleus.

# Culturing & Detecting Viruses How are viruses cultured?

Using host cells (bacterial culture for bacteriophages, tissue culture for animal viruses).

# Culturing & Detecting Viruses What is a plaque assay?

A method to count infectious virus particles using clear zones (plaques) on a host cell lawn.

# Fungi Characteristics Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic.

# Fungi Characteristics What are key structural features of fungi?

Chitin cell walls, ergosterol in membranes.

# Fungi Characteristics What are the three main types of fungi?

Yeasts (unicellular), moulds (multicellular with hyphae), and dimorphic fungi (switch between yeast and mould forms).

# Fungal Reproduction How do fungi reproduce asexually?

Via spores like conidia and sporangia.

# Fungal Reproduction How do fungi reproduce sexually?

Through meiosis to produce genetically diverse spores (e.g., zygospores, ascospores).

# Fungi in Health & Disease What is the WHO Fungal Priority Pathogen List (FPPL)?

A global effort to identify and prioritize fungal pathogens.

# Fungi in Health & Disease What are mycoses?

Fungal infections classified by depth and tissue affected.

# Fungi in Health & Disease What are the five types of mycoses?

Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic.

# Fungal Toxins (Mycotoxins) What are mycotoxins?

Toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi.

# Fungal Toxins (Mycotoxins) How do mycotoxins impact health?

They contaminate food and the environment, causing health risks in humans and animals.