Virtual production

Question 1

Performance

Answer 1

Consist of the two basic categories effectiveness and efficiency, where
efficiency asses to what degree the process uses resources well and is the same thing as
productivity

Question 2

Productivity

Answer 2

Is the output in relation to input, the ratio between the output recieived from the production system in terms of product value delivered to customer and the input invested in producing a product

Question 3

Cognitive automation

Answer 3

Technical solutions that can support an opperator to perform the night tasks and take the night actions

Question 4

Calculate balancing losses

Answer 4

B = (NC - T) / NC

C - cycle time (max)
N - number of stations in the flow
T - total lead time for a product

Question 5

Goal of line balancing?

Answer 5

• To distribute the work evenly per workstation

- To balance the flow according to the TAKT-time

Question 6

Product/Production line Layout

Answer 6

[A]–>[B]–>[C]–>[D]–>[E]

+ Suitable when a low throughput of the product is needed of a standardized product and when production can be organized based on the product flow

• Sensitive to disturbances
• Pace is set by the longest operation
  time
• Sensitive to changes of the product
• Involves a higher level of
  investment

Question 7

Cell Layout

Answer 7

[ Cell 1 | Cell 2 | Cell 3 ]
[ [A1][B1] | [B2] | [A3] [B4] ]
[ [A2][C1] | [C2] | [B3] [C3] ]

+ Suitable when there is need of fast throughput and there is need to organize production according to product variants.

• Higher level of competence than for product layout
• Difficult to balance
• Lower utilization of machines

Question 8

Process Layout

Answer 8

[Dept A : Dept B : DeptC]
[ [A1] : [B1] : [C1] ]
[ [A2] : [B2] : [C2] ]

+ Better level of utilization of the machines
+ High flexibility between the machines

• Increased material handling
• Longer total production time
• Requires planning and follow up
• Higher internal storage

Question 9

Verification

Answer 9

The process of making sure that the simulation model matches the conceptual model

Question 10

Validation

Answer 10

The process of making sure that the simulation model, including the input data, matches the real system

Question 11

Benefits of Virtual training for operators?

Answer 11

• Reduce time to train
• Increased quality
• Safer and shorter ramp-up times
• Reduce training on physical objects

Question 12

Why work with Virtual technologies?

Answer 12

Changes needs to be made and these can be verified offline before installation which reduces change over time and potential errors

Question 13

Why does robot simulation result in a shorter time of production start?

Answer 13

Robot code can be tested and verified offline while regular production i still ongoing

Question 14

Application areas for industrial robots

Answer 14

• Material handeling

- Spot welding

Question 15

\wobj:=x

Answer 15

Defines the coordinate system in which xx is given

Question 16

Toolx

Answer 16

Defines the tool center point

Question 17

MoveJ xx

Answer 17

Robot navigate to position xx.

The movement is of type: joint

Question 18

Sociotechnical

Answer 18

Processes and systems that are a combination of human (social) and machine (technical), and their operations depends on both

Question 19

Process model (Basic)

Answer 19

Inputs –>[Transformation]–>Outputs

Question 20

Goals when balancing a production line

Answer 20

• Evenly distributed work at the stations on the line

- To balance the flow according to the TAKT-time

Question 21

Balance losses

Answer 21

The difference between the cycle time of a work station and the takt-time

Question 22

Operations that is hard to train virtually

Answer 22

Tactille and skill based aspects

Question 23

What impacts on a production rate

Answer 23

• Variations in operation time
• Breakdowns
• Set up times
• Material handeling time
• Buffer sizes

Question 24

Vx

Answer 24

Sets the speed of the movement to x mm/s

Question 25

Zx

Answer 25

Zone size, indicates how close the robot must be to the target position

Question 26

Project Layout

Answer 26

+ handeling of material reduce + Very flexible + Continuity in the work - Increased mobility of staff and equipment - Low level of utilization - High unit cost

Question 27

Efficiency

Answer 27

Efficiency considerations assess to what degree the process uses resources well

Question 28

Effectiveness

Answer 28

Describes the process from the customer’s point of view: does the process deliver the expected cost, quality, and lead time required by the customer?

Question 29

Lead time

Answer 29

The time required from customer order to delivery of the product or service

Question 30

Yield

Answer 30

The measure of what fraction of parts produced are acceptable. Low yield equals poor quality in a process

Question 31

Project Layout

Answer 31

``` [Raw materials]-->[Product]-->[Finished product] [A][B][C] \ | / [Product] / | \ [D][E][F] ```

Question 32

MoveJ p3, v10, z10, tool1 \WObj:=papper

Answer 32

The robot should move the tool1 TCP to p3 in coordinate system “papper” at the speed of 10mm/s using a non-defined joint movement path. MoveJ p3 = robot should navigate to position p3, the movement is of type joint. v10 = sets the speed of the movement, here 10mm/s z10 = Zone size (accuracy). This indicates how close the robot must be to the target Tool1 = Defines the tool center point, which is what will be position at p3. \WObj:=papper = Defines the coordinate system in which p3 is given, in this case “papper”

Question 33

Why is there a growing need among manufacturing companies to work with virtual technologies?

Answer 33

There is an increase in the rate of product introductions in today’s market. This requires companies to change their production systems accordingly to accommodate the new products. By working virtually, the changes can be verified offline before installation, which reduces changeover times and potential errors.

Question 34

Explain the difference between verification and validation of a simulation model.

Answer 34

- Verification is the processes of making sure that the simulation model matches the conceptual model. - Validation is the process of making sure that the simulation model, including the input data, matches the real system.

Question 35

Mention one aspect of an assembly operation that is especially difficult to train virtually.

Answer 35

Tactile and skill-based aspects. Those are present mainly in the second and third phase of the learning curve

Question 36

Mean time to repair (MTTR)

Answer 36

A basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device.

Question 37

Mean time between failure (MTBF)

Answer 37

X

Question 38

What does it mean that a robot has 6 degrees of freedom (DOF)?

Answer 38

The robot is capable of both translating and rotate the | tool’s coordinate system relative to the X-, Y-, and Z-axis in a reference system.

Question 39

Mechanical constructs that can be used with an industrial robot:

Answer 39

- Cartesian - Cylindrical - Polar - Articulated - Spherical - SCARA - Parallel

Question 40

Performance/Productivity?

Answer 40

Performance consist of the two basic categories effectiveness and efficiency, where efficiency is the same thing as productivity. Productivity is the output in relation to input, the ratio between the output recieived from the production system in terms of product value delivered to customer and the input invested in producing a product

Question 41

Efficiency/Effectiveness?

Answer 41

Efficiency considerations assess to what degree the process uses resources well. Effectiveness Describes the process from the customer’s point of view: does the process deliver the expected cost, quality, and lead time required by the customer?