viruses Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
virus attaches to the host cell
A
Adsorption
2
Q
work by lessening the symptoms of a viral infection
A
antiviral drugs
3
Q
a virus that has been genetically altered so it will not cause harm to the host
A
Attenuated vaccine
4
Q
A virus discovered by Dherelle and Twort that affects bacteria
A
bacteriophage
5
Q
protein coat that surrounds the virus
A
capsid
6
Q
Capsid with 20 faces
A
icosahedron-shaped virus
7
Q
virus that has been inactivated so as not to cause disease
A
virus that has been inactivated so as not to cause disease
8
Q
when the host cell busts open
A
lysis
9
Q
Any virus that has not been previously documented
A
novel virus
10
Q
prions
A
abnormal strand of protein that clumps together in the cell membrane
11
Q
prophage
A
a new set of protein strands that were produced during prophage formation
12
Q
receptor site
A
location that allows the virus to directly attach to the host
13
Q
retrovirus
A
works backward
14
Q
reverse transcriptase
A
enzyme used by retrovirus
15
Q
ribosome
A
produces protein
16
Q
temperate virus
A
doesn’t cause immediate harm
17
Q
virology
A
study of viruses
18
Q
viroids
A
smallest known particles that are able to replicate
19
Q
virulent viruses
A
cause immediate harm to the host
20
Q
Aids stands for?
A
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
21
Q
How are aids transmitted?
A
unprotected sex and using contaminated needles
22
Q
What are the symptoms of aids?
A
rapid weight loss/pneumonia/recurring fever
23
Q
what can be done to treat aids?
A
antiretroviral therapy
24
Q
what can be done to prevent aids?
A
practice safe sex/ don’t use dirty or unclean needles/don’t use illegal injectable drugs
25
What is Bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
also known as mad cow disease- a fatal disease in cattle
26
How is mad cow transmited
by eating contaminated feed
27
What are the symptoms of mad cow
changes in temper and abnormal posture
28
how do you prevent mad cow
prohibit the feeding of most mammalian proteins to ruminants, including cattle
29
what causes mad cow
an abnormal prion
30
what causes chicken pox
varicella-zoster virus
31
symptoms of chicken pow
rash that forms tiny fluid-filled blister, fever, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite
32
how is chickenpox transmitted from person to person
close contact with someone who has chicken pox
33
What can be used as a treatment for chickenpox
backing soda paste, cool oatmeal baths, calamine lotion
34
what is the name of the newly discovered coronavirus that is currently causing our world wide pandemic
SARS-CoV-2
35
what is the correct name of the illness that is caused by the newly discovered coronavirus
covid-19`
36
How is covid spread
droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes and they are inhaled by another
37
when was the first reported case of corona and where was is reported
December 1, 2019 from Wuhan China
38
what is the incubation period of covid
14 days
39
what are the three most crucial practices that can stop the spread of corona
good hygiene, respiratory etiquette, social distancing
40
what is the epstein barr virus
the virus that causes monoa
41
what is the epstein barr virus linked to
hodgkin's lymphoma
42
where do you find new world hantavirus
america
43
what rodent is most responsible for hantavirus
deer mouse
44
what are symptoms of hantavirus
early symptoms include: fatigue, fever, muscle ache, headaches, dizziness, chills, abdominal issues (diarrhea, vomiting, ect.)
45
the mortality rate of hantavirus is
38%
46
what is the best way to prevent hantavirus
eliminate contact with wild rodents
47
What is hepatitis b linked to
liver cancer
48
what does hiv stand for
human immunodeficiency virus
49
how does hiv attack the human body
attacks cd4 cells
50
what are two risk factors for contacting hiV
unprotected sex and dirty needles
51
what is the origin of hiv
originated from chimpanzees as SIV
52
how can you protect yourself from HIV
Don't use dirty or unclean needles, don't use injectable illegal drugs, use safe sexual practices
53
what is PrEP
pre-exposure prophylaxis which are oral medications taken to protect oneself from getting HIV
54
what is PEP
post-exposure prophylaxis which are antiretroviral drugs used after a single-high risk event to stop the HIV seroconversion
55
what does HPv stand for
human Papillomavirus
56
what is hpv linked to
cervical cancer
57
How is influenza transmitted
droplets from a sneeze or a cough from an infected person/ touching the virus then your face
58
how did victims die from influenza in 1918
the lungs filled with fluid and they suffocated
59
What were the two main reasons why the world was unprepared to deal with this type of severe influenza pandemic in 1918?
here was a shortage of medical personnel due to World War I and there were no vaccines or antiviral drugs available
60
In 2008, researchers discovered the reason why the 1918 influenza strain was so deadly. Describe what these researchers discovered.
the researchers discovered a group of three genes that enabled the virus to weaken the victims bronchial tubes and lungs which cleared a path for a severe infection of bacterial pneumonia
61
what is kuru
disease similar to CJD found in certain tribes that practice cannibalism
62
What is the name of the virus that causes poliomyelitis (or polio)?
poliovirus
63
what is the mortality rate of those suffering from polio
between 2 and 10%
64
How is the polio virus transmitted from person to person?
contact with feces or droplets from a sneeze
65
Identify the two types of vaccines that prevent polio.
oral poliovirus vaccine which is still used throughout the world today, inactivated polio vaccine that is given in the arm or leg
66
How effective is the polio vaccine when given to children that complete all the recommended doses?
99 out of 100 children are safe
67
Since 1979, no polio cases have originated within the United States. In 1993, however, a traveler brought the polio virus to the U.S. What is the best way to keep the United States "polio-free"?
maintaining high immunity by vaccination
68
What are the four pillars of eradication according to the GPEI (Global Polio Eradication Initiative)?
surveillance, routine immunization, targeted "op-up" campaign, and supplementary immunization
69
9. Who developed the polio vaccine and when was it first used on humans?
Jonas Salk (1952)
70
10. How were the "killed virus" vaccines produced?
vaccines were produce by growing samples of the virus and then deactivating them by adding formaldehyde so that they could no longer reproduce
71
11. Who developed a competing "oral vaccine"?
albert sabin
72
12. Why did the oral vaccine become more popular than the "killed virus" vaccine?
it was cheaper to produce and easier to administer
73
How is rabies virus usually transmitted to humans?
via the bite of an infected animal
74
Identify the four local wild animals that are the most common reservoirs for the rabies virus.
raccoons, bats, foxes, and skunks
75
How can the rabies virus be prevented?
vaccinations for pets can help prevent the spread of the rabies virus
76
36. Describe the progression of symptoms of the rabies virus. (list the early symptoms first and the later end-stage symptoms last)
1. flu-like symptoms early
2. progress to cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, and agitation
3. later stages include delirium, hallucinations, hydrophobia, coma, and death
77
sars
virus that causes covid
78
scrapie
disease in sheep that is characterized by the slow degeneration of the nervous system until the sheep finally dies
79
Shingles
worse version of chicken pox
80
20. Smallpox is caused by the _____ virus.
variola virus
81
22. Describe how Sarah Nelms and James Phipps factored into the development of the vaccine for smallpox.
Nelms was the milkmaid who had cowpox. Jenner inoculated Phipps with this cowpox from Nelms. Phipps got cowpox. When he recovered, Jenner then exposed Phipps to smallpox, which he did not get.
82
There are only two places in the world where the smallpox virus is stored. Where are these two places located?
WHO-russia and WHO-atlanta
83
How is smallpox transmitted from person to person?
contact with items that may be infected with the virus (bedding, clothing, etc.)
direct face to face contact
contact with fluid from scabs of an infected person
