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viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

columns:Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What do some people consider viruses to be, due to their lack of life characteristics?

A

Complex pathogenic chemicals.

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3
Q

What is the number one cause of acute infectious diarrhea?

A

Rotavirus

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4
Q

What are the two members of the Togaviridae family that infect humans?

A

Rubi virus and another unspecified member.

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5
Q

How long does virus shedding last for Norwalk Virus post-recovery?

A

Up to 3 weeks

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6
Q

What severe symptoms did the antigenic shift of a virus cause in Hong Kong?

A

Fever, severe pneumonia, and death in almost half of the infected persons.

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7
Q

What type of virus is Hepatitis C classified as?

A

Enveloped icosahedral RNA virus

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8
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hepatitis B virus?

A

Blood to blood (parenteral) transmission is the primary mode.

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9
Q

What disease does the Rubi virus cause?

A

Rubella, also known as German measles.

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10
Q

What is the shape and structure of the Rhabdoviridae virus?

A

Bullet-shaped, enveloped, helical symmetry

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11
Q

How was the spread of the virus in Hong Kong controlled?

A

By destroying poultry.

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12
Q

What ability do viruses have that leads others to consider them the least complex living entities?

A

They can invade cells, take control of their host cell, and replicate themselves.

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13
Q

What are the possible outcomes of Hepatitis B virus infection?

A

Acute hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis.

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14
Q

Through which routes can Hepatitis C be transmitted?

A

Parenterally, sexually, via blood transfusion, and through the placenta

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15
Q

How is rubella prevented?

A

Through the Rubella vaccine.

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16
Q

What family does the Influenza A virus belong to?

A

Orthomyxoviridae.

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17
Q

What virus family does Human Papillomavirus (HPV) belong to?

A

Papovaviridae

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18
Q

What are the three stages of rabies infection?

A

Prodrome, Acute encephalitis, Classic brain encephalitis

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19
Q

What are the complications of Influenza related to bacterial infections?

A

Secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by S. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, and others.

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20
Q

What characterizes fulminant hepatitis caused by Hepatitis B?

A

Severe acute hepatitis with rapid destruction of the liver.

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21
Q

What are viroids and how do they differ from RNA viruses?

A

Viroids are extremely small, circular pieces of RNA that are infectious and pathogenic in plants, lacking a capsid unlike RNA viruses.

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22
Q

What family does the Hepatitis C Virus belong to?

A

Flaviviridae

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23
Q

How is rabies transmitted to humans?

A

Infected saliva through bite or wound

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24
Q

How can chronic hepatitis B manifest without causing liver injury?

A

As an asymptomatic carrier state where the virus is harbored without liver injury.

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25
Which HPV strains are associated with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma?
16 & 18
26
What are the primary symptoms of measles?
Cold-like symptoms, sore red eyes sensitive to light, high fever, and small greyish-white spots on the inside of the cheeks.
27
What is the treatment for rabies?
Human rabies immune globulin followed by 5 days injection of killed rabies virus vaccine
28
What are the main components of the Hepatitis C Virus structure?
Envelope, Capsid, (+)ssRNA, E1/E2 Glycoproteins
29
What medication is recommended for children with influenza or Varicella to prevent Reye syndrome?
Acetaminophen.
30
How does German measles differ from measles in terms of the affected body systems?
German measles invades the lymph nodes, skin, and eyes, while measles specifically infects the respiratory system.
31
What is the structure of the RNA strand of the small potato spindle tuber viroid?
Single-stranded circle that may appear linear due to hydrogen bonding.
32
How does Ebola virus disease spread among humans?
Direct contact with blood, vomitus, urine stool, serum
33
What is a significant risk associated with chronic Hepatitis B infection?
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma due to HBV DNA incorporation into hepatocyte DNA.
34
What is the function of Amantadine in relation to Influenza A?
Prevents uncoating of the virus, thus preventing infection or decreasing severity if given early.
35
What are the three mechanisms of entry for animal viruses into host cells?
Direct penetration, Membrane fusion, Endocytosis
36
What are prions and how do they cause disease?
Proteinaceous infectious agents that cause disease by converting normal cellular PrP proteins into a disease-causing form through conformational change.
37
How is Hepatitis B diagnosed?
Through a blood test to find antibody to the virus.
38
What are common symptoms of Hepatitis C?
Headaches, fever, hepatic encephalopathy, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, gynecomastia, pruritus, liver cirrhosis, spleen enlargement, abdominal pain, spider angiomas, ascites, diarrhea or constipation, darker urine
39
How is Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) mainly transmitted?
Oral-to-oral contact
40
What is the difference in replication location between DNA and RNA viruses?
DNA viruses often enter the nucleus, RNA viruses often replicate in the cytoplasm
41
How are Influenza vaccines produced?
Grown in mass in chick embryos, then inactivated and purified.
42
What are the two stable forms of prion protein (PrP)?
Cellular PrP and prion PrP.
43
What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis according to the text?
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1)
44
How do enveloped viruses typically leave the host cell?
Budding
45
What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever?
Fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.
46
What is the mortality rate of Yellow Fever?
30%
47
What size range do viruses typically fall within?
Viruses range from about 20 nm to 300 nm in diameter.
48
What is the key difference between Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae in terms of their RNA?
Paramyxoviridae's (-) stranded RNA is in a simple strand not segmented.
49
What is the role of HbsAg in the serology of Hepatitis B?
Its presence always indicates a live virus and infection.
50
What are the effects of prion diseases on the brain?
Fatal neurological degeneration, fibril deposits in the brain, loss of brain matter, large vacuoles forming in the brain, and a characteristic spongy appearance.
51
What disease does the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) cause in its primary infection?
Chickenpox
52
How is Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) unique in its replication?
It can only replicate with the help of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
53
What types of nucleic acid can a virus's genome consist of?
A virus's genome can consist of either RNA or DNA, but not both.
54
What does the presence of IgM anti-HBcAg indicate?
Acute illness or a new infection.
55
How are prions destroyed?
By incineration or autoclaving in 1 N NaOH.
56
What triggers the reactivation of Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) to cause Shingles?
Waning immunity
57
Which protein causes infected host cells to fuse together into multinucleated giant cells in Paramyxoviridae?
Fusion protein (F protein).
58
What are the symptoms of Dengue Fever?
Fever, headache, muscle pain, eye pain, bone pain, nausea/vomiting, joint pain, and rash.
59
What distinguishes Hepatitis E Virus from other hepatitis viruses?
It is a single-stranded RNA virus transmitted fecal-orally and shares similarities with HAV.
60
Why can't viruses carry out metabolic pathways?
Viruses lack the necessary components, such as cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, and organelles, to carry out metabolic pathways.
61
What distinguishes the DNA virus family Poxviridae in terms of complexity and replication?
Poxviridae is structurally the most complex of all known viruses, does not have icosahedral symmetry, and replicates in the cytoplasm.
62
What is the primary prevention strategy for Hepatitis B?
Active immunization through a recombinant vaccine.
63
What is a key feature of Retroviridae viruses concerning their genetic material?
They carry reverse transcriptase, converting viral RNA into DNA.
64
What is the term used to describe the extracellular state of a virus?
Virion.
65
How does interferon alpha work in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis B?
It suppresses HBV DNA and HBeAg in 50% of treated patients.
66
Name four viruses under the Paramyxoviridae family that cause human disease.
Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Mumps virus, Measles virus.
67
What serious complication is associated with a second serotype of Dengue?
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.
68
What makes up the capsid of a virus?
The capsid is made up of protein subunits called capsomeres.
69
What is the most common congenital infection according to the text?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
70
What are the primary transmission routes for Hepatitis A and E?
Fecal-oral route.
71
What are the two distinct genetic clades of the monkeypox virus and which one is historically more severe?
The central African (Congo Basin) clade and the west African clade, with the Congo Basin clade being historically more severe.
72
Which virus is known as the 'kissing disease' and why?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), because it is transmitted through saliva.
73
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A before acute hepatitis develops?
15-40 days.
74
How does HIV primarily damage the immune system?
By destroying T helper lymphocytes.
75
What are the primary modes of HIV transmission?
Sexual activity, blood product transfusion, IV drug use with needle sharing, and transplacental spread from mother to fetus.
76
What type of immunity does the anti-HAV IgG antibody provide?
Protective immunity against future infection with HAV.
77
What birth defects can Zika virus infection during pregnancy cause?
Microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, intracranial calcification, limb contractures, hearing loss, and visual abnormalities.
78
How do viruses acquire their envelope?
Viruses acquire their envelope from the host cell during viral replication or release.
79
How is Hepatitis A spread?
When fecal matter enters the mouth.
80
What is the major site of replication for Hepatitis A?
Liver.
81
What is the primary way scientists classify viruses?
Scientists classify viruses based on the nature of their genomes.
82
What is the No. 1 cause of viral encephalitis in Asia?
Japanese Encephalitis.
83
What determines the specificity of a virus to its host?
The affinity of viral surface proteins for complementary proteins on the host cell surface determines the specificity.
84
What are the primary liver enzymes tested to establish hepatitis?
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), Alkaline phosphatase
85
What indicates a patient is immune against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?
Development of anti-HBsAg
86
What are the disease manifestations of Poliovirus?
Mild illness, aseptic meningitis, and paralytic poliomyelitis.
87
What are the two types of viral replication?
Lytic replication and lysogenic replication.
88
What is the outcome of lytic replication for the host cell?
Lytic replication usually results in the death and lysis of the host cell.
89
How is Poliovirus transmitted within the body?
It replicates in the tonsils and Peyer's patches, spreads in the blood, and crosses the blood-CNS barrier to the anterior horns of the spinal cord.
90
What is antigenic drift in the context of influenza viruses?
Antigenic drift is a mutation in the HA and NA glycoproteins of the influenza virus, leading to changes in their antigenic nature.
91
What condition does Coxsackie A virus cause?
Herpangina.
92
What common illness is Rhinovirus known to cause?
The common cold.
93
Why is antigenic shift particularly concerning for influenza type A viruses?
Antigenic shift involves a complete change of HA and NA or both, potentially leading to more serious diseases due to the trading of RNA segments between animals and humans.
94
What are the main symptoms of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?
Mild to moderate respiratory illness, with some cases becoming seriously ill.
95
What symptoms are caused by Norwalk and rotavirus?
Diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Microbiology and parasitology (1 decks)

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