Viruses And Prion Diseases

Question 1

What type of virus is HIV and what does it bring with it?

Answer 1

Retrovirus that brings Reverse trancriptase

Question 2

What is the cell target of HIV? And what coreceptors allow it to attach and enter these cells?

Answer 2

Target cell: CD4+ helper T cells

Receptors important for attachment and entry are CCR5 and CXCR4

Question 3

Which viruses are considered a pregnancy concern?

Answer 3

HIV
HSV-2
HHV-5
Rubella
Zika

Question 4

Which viruses are oncogenic?

Answer 4

HHV-8
HHV-4
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis B
HPV

Question 5

What is different about the life cycle of HIV?

Answer 5

It doesn’t fully mature until after release from the host cell

Question 6

The influenza virus contains an envelope and spikes. What are those spikes called and how do they contribute to their virulence?

Answer 6

Hemeagglutin (HA): important for attachment

Neurominadase (NA): important for release

Question 7

Which viruses does the MMR vaccine work for?

Answer 7

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

Question 8

What is the route of transmission for measles, mumps , and rubella?

Answer 8

Respiratory droplets

Question 9

What is characteristic of measles?

Answer 9

Kipling spots and macular rash

Question 10

What is characteristic of Mumps?

Answer 10

Swelling of salivary glands. It is less contagious than Measles and Rubella

Question 11

What is characteristic of Rubella?

Answer 11

It is a big pregnancy concern

Question 12

Does HPV have a vaccine? What is its route of transmission?

Answer 12

Yes it has a vaccine for HPV-16

Route of transmission: direct contact (sexual contact)

Question 13

HPV increases the risk of developing what two cancers?

Answer 13

Cervical cancers

Oral/ pharyngeal cancer

Question 14

What type of a virus is polio virus and how is it transmitted?

Answer 14

Its an enterovirus

Route of transmission is fecal oral

Question 15

What cells does the polio virus enter through and what cells are their destination?

Answer 15

Enter intestinal cells

Destination is nerve cells

Question 16

Polio virus does have a vaccine what type of vaccine? There are two versions of it. What are the two versions and which one is there a risk of reversion?

Answer 16

Live attenuated

IPV and OPV

OPV has more risk of reversion

Question 17

Ebola has multiple strains, that are trasmitted trough what route? One of the routes is different but is only virulent to pigs, what is that route?

Answer 17

Normal route is direct contact

1 is respiratory route

Question 18

What is the reservoir of Ebola?

Answer 18

Fruit bats

Question 19

What is the vector for Zika?

Answer 19

Ades mosquitoe

Question 20

Zika is a pregnancy risk, it is is trasmitted to the fetus, what are the possible outcomes?

Answer 20

GBS

Microcephaly

Question 21

What viruses have dsDNA?

Answer 21

All herpes viruses

Hepatitis B

HPV

Question 22

What are some examples of latent viral infections?

Answer 22

HIV, shingles, Hepatitis

Question 23

What is the main function of acyclovir?

Answer 23

Inhibits DNA synthesis

Question 24

A DNA virus brings ______

A RNA virus brings _______

Answer 24

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Question 25

What type of RNA genome can be used right away as mRNA

Answer 25

Plus strand (sense strand)

Question 26

What type of RNA genome cannot be used directly as mRNA

Answer 26

Antisense strand (minus strand)

Question 27

Influenza virus is evident of ______________ which is why we need a new vaccine every year for it

Answer 27

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift

Question 28

What is antigenic drift (a characteristic of influenza)?

Answer 28

Change in a single strand (gene), may only involve one amino acid

Question 29

What is antigenic shift? And what is it responsible for?

Answer 29

Changes in HA and NA spikes Due to reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell are incorporated into a single new new capsid Responsible for epidemics and pandemics

Question 30

T/F: all HPV viruses are oncogenic

Answer 30

False, HPV 16 and 18 are the main oncogenic HPVs responsible for the oral pharyngeal cancer and cervical cancer

Question 31

Which virus is associated with high mortality rates and transferred via direct contact?

Answer 31

Ebola

Question 32

Human prion diseases are _______________ diseases

Answer 32

Neurodegenerative diseases

Question 33

What are examples of prion diseases?

Answer 33

CJD and Kuru

Question 34

What are the 3 different forms of CJD?

Answer 34

Familial: genetic Sporadic: unknown cause Hospital acquired: iatrogenic

Question 35

How is variant CJD acquired?

Answer 35

By consuming prion contaminated products