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Grade 11 Biology > Viruses, Immunity, Protists, & Fungi > Flashcards

Viruses, Immunity, Protists, & Fungi Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

“Bacteria infected and killed by viruses”

True or False?

A

True

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2
Q

Viruses structure

A

Contain DNA or RNA (protein coat) called a capsid

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3
Q

What is the “job” of a virus?

A

Infects a host cell to reproduce and takes control of the cell’s ribosomes to reproduce

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4
Q

Do viruses remain dormant in host cells and may re-emerge and cause an infection?

True or False?

A

True.

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5
Q

An example of a re-emerged infection

A

Chickenpox

- red, itchy

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6
Q

Examples of cancers triggered by viral infections

A

Hepatitis C –> liver cancer

HPV –> Cancer of cervix (genital warts)

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7
Q

Examples of virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage, adenovirus, HIV, and corona virus

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8
Q

Acute Infection (Lytic Cycle) Examples

A

Cold
Influneza
Coronavirus

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9
Q

Chronic Infection (Lysogenic Cycle)

A

Chickenpox –> shingles
Herpes
HPV –> cervical cancer

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10
Q

Difference between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle

A

The lytic cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell whereas the lysogenic cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within.

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11
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Use of genes to prevent diseases

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12
Q

Advantage of gene therapy

A

treatment for inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

inherited disorder which causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. It affects the cells that produce sweat, mucus and digestive juices.

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14
Q

What are the three different types of barriers?

A

Mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, and biological barrier

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15
Q

What is the function of the different types of barriers?

A

Keep most of pathogens out of body such as bacteria and viruses

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16
Q

What is the function of the mechanical barrier?

A

It physically blocks pathogens from entering the body. The outer layer of the skin

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17
Q

What is the function of the mucous membranes in the mechanical barrier?

A

mucous traps pathogens and sweeps pathogens towards body openings

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18
Q

What is the structure of the mucous membrane?

A

Hair-like cilia

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19
Q

Other examples of mechanical barriers?

A

Respiritory GI, urinary, reproductive tracts

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20
Q

How does the mechanical barrier sweep pathgoens towards the body openings?

A

When you sneeze, cough it removes pathogens from throat and nose. Tears wash pathogens from eyes and urine from urinary tract

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21
Q

What is the function of the chemical barrier?

A

It destroys pathogens

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22
Q

What kills the pathogens in the chemical barrier?

A

Sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva enzymes kill the pathogens

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23
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is an organism that causes disease

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24
Q

What are the 5 pathogens?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms

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25
What is the function of the biological barrier?
Living organisms help protect the body
26
An example of biological barrier
Millions of harmless bacteria live on human skin
27
What is the lympatic system?
It is a major part of the immune system
28
What is the function of the lympatic system?
It produces leukocytes called lymphocytes
29
What are leukocytes?
They are white blood cells that help your body fight germs
30
What are lymphocytes?
Type of red blood cells which play an important role in our immune system by helping our body fight off infection.
31
What is the function of the lymphocytes?
They recognize and help destroy particular pathogens such as they destroy certain cancer cells
32
What are the 4 parts of the lymphatic system structure?
Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and tonsils
33
What is the function of the bone marrow?
It produces lymphocytes
34
What is the function of the thymus?
It stores and matures lymphocytes
35
What is the function of the spleen?
It filters pathogens and worn out blood cells
36
What is the function of the tonsils?
It traps pathogens
37
What are the two major cell types of lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells
38
Where do the B cells mature?
Bone marrow
39
Where do the T cells mature?
Thymus
40
What is the "job" of the antigen recognition?
B and T cells recognize and respinds to antigens on pathogens
41
What is an antigen?
Antigens are proteins immune system recognizes as foreign.
42
Where are antigens found on the immune system?
They are found on cancer cells and cells of transplanted organs
43
Why are transplanted organ rejected by recipient's immune system?
Antigens may be found on the cells of the transplanted organs
44
What happens when the immune system is out of balance?
Resulting in an overactive or underactive immune system
45
What is an examples of an overactive immune system?
Allergic reactions
46
What could an individual be allergic to when immune system is out of balance?
Dust, mold, pollen, and certain foods
47
What happens in the immune system when a person has allergic reactions?
Antibodies release histamines
48
What are the allergic symptoms?
Extra fluid in the nasal pathways, difficulty breathing, and hives
49
How would you treat an allergic reaction?
It could be treated with antihistamines to stop the release of histamines
50
Name 4 different diseases of the immune system
Rheumatoid arthritis Type 1 diabetes Multiple sclerosis Lupus
51
What is immunodeficiency?
Disorders which prevent our body from fighting infections and diseases
52
Disadvantage of immunodeficiency?
It cannot fight off pathogens that a normal immune system would be able to resist
53
Is our immune system less effective as people get older? True or False
True
54
Is our immune system damaged by disorders? True or False
True
55
What disorders damages our immune system?
Obesity, drug abuse, and certain medications
56
What does AIDS stand for?`
Acquired immunodeficiency` syndrome
57
What is AIDS
It is a chronic, potentially life threatening condition cause by immunodeficiency virus called HIV. It interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
58
What is the function of AIDS?
HIV destroys person's helper T cells
59
Prions
Misform of proteins that can induce normal proteins around them to also misfold and accumulate.
60
Endosymbiosis
One cell engulfing another and both benefiting from relationship
61
Endosymbiont
Cell that lives within another cell (host)
62
Mitchondrian
Once free living bacteria cell which uses oxygen to create ATP from sugars
63
Chloroplast
Once free living bacteria cell which forms sugars for photsynthesis
64
What are protists/protozoa?
They are all eukaryotic organisms
65
4 features of protists/protozoa
``` Mostly unicellular (except algae) All eukaryotes that are nor plants, animals, and fungi Photosynthetic (important producers) Serious human diseases such as malaria, and African sleeping sickness which is difficult to treat as well as antibodies don't work? ```
66
Do protists represent a true clade? True or False
False, better to divide into groups
67
Example of a protist
Euglena
68
2 Examples of a large unicellular and photosynthetic protists
Green Kelp and Algae
69
3 Examples of protist which is a parasite of humans
Plasmodium(malaria) Trypanosome(African sleeping sickness) Giardia( 'beaver fever')
70
4 characteristics of fungi
- Most of the fungi are multicellular heterotrophs - Reproduce asexually and sexually - Important decomposers - Produce cheeses, bread and fermented beverages
71
Are fungi part of their own clade?
Yes
72
Are all fungi species green and photosynthetic?
NO, all fungi species are not green and photosynthetic as they can cause diseases such as ringworm and lung infections
73
Can fungi harm things and structures?
Yes
74
3 things that harm things and structures
- Harvested fruit spoils each year--> fungal growth - Tree species--> fungus infection - Wooden buildings and bridges
75
Advantage of fungi to humans
We got antibiotic penicillin and antirejection drug cyclosporine which is used by organ transplant recipients

Grade 11 Biology (4 decks)

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