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BMS150 Post-MT2 > Visceral Anatomy and Histology of the GI Tract > Flashcards

Visceral Anatomy and Histology of the GI Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Superior border of abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

Anterolateral border of abdominal cavity?

A

Musculo-aponeurotic walls

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3
Q

Inferior border of abdominal cavity?

A

Pelvic inlet

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4
Q

Posterior border of abdominal cavity?

A

Vertebrae

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5
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Transparent, thin membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

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6
Q

What is the peritoneum continuous with?

A

The serosa of the abdominopelvic organs

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7
Q

Lining of the interior of the body wall?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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8
Q

Pain in the parietal peritoneum is _______ to the overlying _______.

A

Well-localized; dermatome

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9
Q

Where is pain in the parietal peritoneum not well localized? Where is it referred to?

A

Over the diaphragm is referred to C3-C5

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10
Q

What can parietal peritoneum sense? (6)

A
  • Pressure
  • Cutting
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Laceration
  • Inflammatory irritation
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11
Q

Lining of the visceral organs that is continuous with the serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum also form?

A

Mesenteries, omenta, or ligaments (major folds)

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13
Q

Pain in the visceral peritoneum is _______

A

Poorly localized

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14
Q

What can the visceral peritoneum sense? (4)

A
  • Ischemia
  • Inflammation
  • Stretch
  • Chemical irritation
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15
Q

Double-layered peritoneal membrane continuous with serosal surfaces, connected to the stomach?

A

Omentum

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16
Q

Double-layered peritoneal membrane that surrounds the small intestine and large intestine at particular sites?

A

Mesentery (SI) and Mesocolon (LI)

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17
Q

Where does the greater omentum extend from and to?

A

Extends from greater (inferior) curvature of the stomach, over anterior abdominal cavity, and folds back up to join with the transverse colon

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18
Q

What does the greater omentum contain a lot of?

A

Lymph nodes and visceral fat

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19
Q

Where does the lesser omentum extend from and to?

A

Extends from the lesser (superior) curvature of the stomach and proximal duodenum, to the inferior aspect of the liver

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20
Q

What clinically important structures lie within the lesser omentum?

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Common bile duct
  • Hepatic portal vein
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21
Q

What does the mesentery line and what does it bind them to?

A

Jejunum and Ileum; binds them to the posterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

What does the mesentary house?

A

Many important vessels and nerves

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23
Q

2 separate double-folds that connect the transverse sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesocolon

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24
Q

What does the mesocolon contain?

A

Lots of blood and lymphatic vessels, and also nerves

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25
What divides the liver into right and left lobes?
Falciform Ligament
26
What does the Falsiform ligament connect to due to its embryological origin?
The umbilicus
27
What structures are retroperitoneal?
- Most of the duodenum, parts of the ascending and descending colon, anal canal - Pancreas - Kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters - Aorta and inferior vena cavae
28
What is behind the stomach and lesser omentum?
Omental bursa
29
Another name for abdominal arterial vasculature?
Splanchnic circulation
30
How many sites do arteries branch off of the abdominal aorta?
3
31
What does the celiac trunk give rise to? (3)
- Left gastric artery - Common hepatic artery - Splenic artery
32
What does the celiac trunk supply? (6)
- Pancreas - Liver - Gall Bladder - Stomach - Duodenum - Spleen
33
Embryologically, what does the celiac trunk supply?
Structures of the embryologic foregut
34
What does the Superior Mesenteric Artery supply? (4)
- Pancreas - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine up to transverse colon
35
Embryologically, what does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Structures of the foregut and midgut
36
What does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply? (2)
- The rest of the large intestine - Superior anus
37
Embryologically, what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
Structures of the hindgut
38
What kind of circulation is abdominal venous circulation?
Portal circulation
39
Inferior mesenteric vein joins with ________
Splenic vein
40
The splenic vein and _______ come together to form the _______
Superior mesenteric vein; hepatic portal vein
41
What does the hepatic portal vein carry?
Poorly-oxygenated but nutrient rich blood to the liver from most organs in the abdomen
42
What are the layers of each organ (in general) from lumen to outer wall?
Mucosa => Submucosa => Muscularis => Serosa/adventitia
43
Main functions of the mucosa? (4)
- ABSORPTION - Secretion - Chemical digestion - Many endocrine functions
44
Main functions of the submucosa? (1)
- Secretion
45
Main function of the muscularis? (1)
- Propulsion
46
Main functions of the serosa/adventitia? (2)
- Anchors GIT - Allows mobility
47
What makes up the mucosa? (3)
- Epithelia lining - Lamina propria - Muscularis mucosa
48
What is the epithelial lining made up of?
- Epithelium - Goblet cells - Enteroendocrine cells
49
What type of cells are the epithelium in the small intestine?
Simple columnar with apical microvilli (high absorption)
50
What type of cells are most of the epithelium in the GIT?
Stratified squamous
51
What is the purpose of apical microvilli?
Increase SA
52
What does the lamina propria have a lot of? (4)
- MALT - Blood vessels - Lymphatic vessels - Mast cells
53
Border between the mucosa and submucosa?
Muscularis mucosa
54
What does the muscularis mucosa ensure?
Absorptive cells have access to contents of the lumen
55
Where are there a lot of Enteroendocrine cells (DNES)?
Stomach and Small Intestine
56
Open DNES?
Contact the lumen and can sense luminal contents
57
Closed DNES?
Do not contact the lumen so rely on other sources of input to regulate secretion (hormones or NS input)
58
G-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function
- Stomach - Gastrin - Increased secretion of stomach acid
59
I-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function
- Small intestine - CCK - Pancreatic enzyme secretion and gall bladder contraction
60
Mo-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function
- Small intestine - Motilin (fasting) - Migrating motor complex
61
S-Cell: Location, Hormone, and Function
- Small intestine - Secretin - Bicarb and water secretion from pancreas. Inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
62
What does the Submucosa contain? (2)
- Large blood vessels and lymphatics - Submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus)
63
What does Meissner's plexus do? (2)
- Regulate secretory activity of GIT - Convey sensory information from the lumen to other parts of the gut or CNS
64
Where are 80% of the antibodies made in the body?
The GI Tract
65
What are there high concentrations of in the lymphatic nodules?
Macrophages and lymphocytes
66
What is Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) made up of?
- MALT - Peyer's Patches
67
What are Payer's Patches? Where are they? What type of cells are in the epithelium overlying them?
- very large (extends right through to the submucosa) nodules that may be cm in length - Found mostly in the distal SI - M-cells = endocytose intraluminal antigens
68
Most parts of the GIT have what kind of muscularis? What is the exception?
- Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle - Exception = Stomach: has additional oblique layer
69
What is found between the two layers of muscularis?
Auerbach's plexus (Muscular nervous plexus) = regulates muscular movements of GI
70
Does esophagus have serosa?
No - adventitia instead (no mesothelium; dense CT)
71
What forms the outer layer of the GIT (other than esophagus)?
Serosa = loose CT covered by simple squamous epithelium
72
Autonomic nervous system efferents can impact muscular movements = ___________
Auerbach's plexus interaction
73
secretions from glands in the mucosa and submucosa = __________
Meissner's plexus interactions
74
Small particles are absorbed by _________ and enter portal circulation
Venous pores
75
Larger particles are absorbed by _______ and enter the thoracic duct
Lymphatic capillaries
76
What is responsible for draining extra fluid that is produced during inflammatory processes?
Lymphatic absorption
77
What is excess accumulation of peritoneal fluid?
Ascites
78
Esophagus mucosa?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
79
Esophagus muscularis?
- Upper part = striated muscle - Lower part = smooth muscle
80
Stomach mucosa?
Simple columnar cells epithelium arranged into pits and glands
81
What do mucous neck cells secrete in the stomach muscoa?
Alkaline mucous that protects stomach from secreted acid
82
Where are Payer's patches found in the Small Intestine?
Ileum
83
What are depressions between villi called in the Small Intestine?
Crypts
84
What do three levels of folding in the Small Intestine mucosa do? What are present on the surface of enterocytes?
Optimize SA; Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
85
What are the large Brunner Glands in the duodenum for?
Protective against stomach acid
86
Large Intestine mucosa?
Arranged into tubular intestinal glands to penetrate deep in lamina propria
87
Are there a lot of goblet cells in the Large Intestine?
Yes
88
What is unique about the Muscular layer of the Large Intestine?
Longitudinal layer is arranged into 3 separate bands known as teniae coli = DISCONTINUOUS

BMS150 Post-MT2 (17 decks)

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