Vision

Question 1

sclera

Answer 1

the whites of the eyes - tough, opaque, fibrous, and for protection

Question 2

cornea

Answer 2

clear, domed lens which accounts for ~80% of the eye’s focusing power

Question 3

iris

Answer 3

the ring of colour around the pupil which controls the diameter of the pupil

Question 4

lens

Answer 4

a flexible, curved structure which accounts for the remaining ~20% focusing power

Question 5

accomodation

Answer 5

the lens’ shape adjusting to see nearer or farther

Question 6

near accommodation

Answer 6

muscles flex, lens becomes rounder

Question 7

far accommodation

Answer 7

muscles relax, lens flattens

Question 8

hyperopia

Answer 8

farsightedness - light is focused behind retina

Question 9

myopia

Answer 9

nearsightedness - light is focuses before retina

Question 10

retina

Answer 10

thin, transparent sheet of tissue at the back of the eye that receives the image

Question 11

rods

Answer 11

for scoptic (low light) vision, contains rhodopsin

Question 12

cones

Answer 12

for photopic (high light) vision, contains idopsin, are chromatic

Question 13

fovea

Answer 13

the centre of the retina (0°), consists solely of cones with a ring of rods around it (20°)

Question 14

back layer

Answer 14

photoreceptors - rods and cones

Question 15

middle layer

Answer 15

horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and bipolar cells - begin processing

Question 16

top layer

Answer 16

ganglion cells, which relay the signal to the brain

Question 17

parvocellular cells

Answer 17

p-cells, are smaller and convey details for perception of pattern, form, texture, depth, etc

Question 18

magnocellular cells

Answer 18

m-cells, are larger and convey information about movement

Question 19

optic disc

Answer 19

lacks photoreceptors, is where the axons of the ganglion cells exit the eye

Question 20

centre-surround antagonism

Answer 20

centre of a ganglion receptive field responds to light, but the outer ring responds in the opposite way

Question 21

binocular zone

Answer 21

where the visual fields overlap

Question 22

monocular zone

Answer 22

what can only be seen by one of the eyes

Question 23

nasal hemi-retina

Answer 23

the half of the retina closest to the nose

Question 24

temporal hemi-retina

Answer 24

the half of the retina closest to the temples

Question 25

optic nerve

Answer 25

the exiting ganglion axons

Question 26

optic chiasm

Answer 26

where the optic nerves cross each other, the temporal information is sent to the opposite side of the brain

Question 27

optic tract

Answer 27

the names of the nerve bundles once they pass the optic chiasm

Question 28

pretectal midbrain

Answer 28

a destination of the optic tract, controls the pupil reflexes in response to light changes

Question 29

retinohypothalamic fibers

Answer 29

a destination of the optic tract, regulates circadian rhythm

Question 30

superior colliculus

Answer 30

a destination of the optic tract, controls saccadic (high velocity) eye movements and coordinates visual, auditory, and somatosensory information

Question 31

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Answer 31

a destination of the optic tract in the midbrain thalamus, is a visual processing hub with six layers

Question 32

LGN layers 1 and 2

Answer 32

processes m-cells

Question 33

LGN layers 3 through 6

Answer 33

processes p-cells

Question 34

striate cortex

Answer 34

the primary visual cortex (V1) and the second stop for visual information, contains simple, complex, and hyper complex cells

Question 35

ocular dominance columns

Answer 35

respond to input from a single eye, neighbouring columns respond to inputs from the other

Question 36

orientation columns

Answer 36

groups of cells with preferences towards certain orientations

Question 37

exstriate cortex

Answer 37

the areas surrounding the striate cortex: V2, V3, V4, V5 (MT), and IT

Question 38

feature detectors

Answer 38

another name for V1 cells due to their tendency to respond discriminately to features

Question 39

dorsal pathway

Answer 39

to the parietal lobe - the "where" or spatial processing of visual stimuli, includes V3 and V5

Question 40

V3

Answer 40

gets input fromV1 and V2 to process "global motion" in the visual field

Question 41

V5

Answer 41

plays a role in our perception of motion, is also known as MT (middle temporal)

Question 42

ventral pathway

Answer 42

to the temporal lobe - the "what" or identity processing of visual stimuli, includes V2, V4, and IT

Question 43

V2

Answer 43

looks for properties such as orientation, spatial frequency, and colour

Question 44

V4

Answer 44

responds to geometric shapes and colours

Question 45

motion parallax

Answer 45

a monocular depth cue, uses the perceived speed of nearby and distant objects

Question 46

optic flow

Answer 46

a monocular depth cue, uses the motion of the visual field due to your own movement through the environment

Question 47

interposition

Answer 47

a monocular depth cue, uses the overlapping of objects to infer depth

Question 48

linear perspective

Answer 48

a monocular depth cue, uses the sizes of distant and nearby objects to infer depth

Question 49

aerial perspective

Answer 49

a monocular depth cue, the assumption that farther objects look hazier and bluer

Question 50

shading

Answer 50

a monocular depth cue, infers depth via the shadows cast by the sun

Question 51

stereopsis

Answer 51

a binocular depth cue, uses the differences in the images from each eye to infer depth

Question 52

wavelength

Answer 52

hue

Question 53

purity

Answer 53

saturation

Question 54

amplitude

Answer 54

brightness

Question 55

protanopia

Answer 55

loss or dysfunction of red cone

Question 56

deuteranopia

Answer 56

loss or dysfunction of green cone

Question 57

tritanopia

Answer 57

rare (not sex related), loss or dysfunction of blue cone