Vision Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
The ancient Egyptians made use of urine to treat what condition?
A
Mist before the eye. Probably bacterial conjunctivitis
2
Q
What Greek scientist explained that vision occurred when objects shed their atoms
into space?
A
Democritus
3
Q
Who was the first to describe the ray theory of light?
A
Empedocles
4
Q
Who described the visual ray theory using geometry?
A
Euclid
5
Q
Who was the greatest Islamic investigator of the eye?
A
Alhazen
6
Q
Who respected Greek thought, defended Euclid’s visual ray theory, and tried to
prove it with optics?
A
Al-Kindi
7
Q
Who was the first scientist to explain the process of vision by refraction within the
eye?
A
Kepler
8
Q
Who was the first scientist to demonstrate Huygens wave theory of light using a
double-slit interference experiment?
A
Young
9
Q
This German physician and professor of physics developed the ophthalmoscope for
clinical applications:
A
Von Helmholtz
10
Q
Who said “It has not yet been 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses”, thereby placing the invention of spectacles around 1285?
A
Da Rivalto
11
Q
Who patented the first meniscus lens in 1804?
A
Wollaston
12
Q
What year do we associate with the invention of the first contact lens?
A
1888
13
Q
In 1947, the first all-plastic corneal lens was developed by which contact lens
pioneer?
A
Touhy
14
Q
Who performed the first documented cataract procedure in 750 BCE?
A
Susruta
15
Q
What procedure was used by medieval physicians to remove cataracts?
A
Couching
16
Q
What are the three layers of the eye and their contents?
A
Outer fibrous – Connective tissue, Cornea, Sclera
Middle vascular – Uvea (Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid)
Inner neural – Retin
17
Q
List the three spaces (chambers) in the globe.
A
Anterior, posterior, vitreous
18
Q
Differentiate fossa, fissure, and foramen.
A
Hollow depressed area
Narrow opening
Opening, perforation, orifice
19
Q
Cranial bones provide what function?
A
Enclose and protect brain, eyes, and ears
20
Q
What are the joints between cranial bones called?
A
Sutures
21
Q
List the orbital contents
A
The globes
The EOM’s
Orbital nerves
Blood vessels
Connective tissue
22
Q
Name the seven orbital bones.
A
Frontal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Palatine
23
Q
Which bones are common to both orbits?
A
Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
24
Q
A blow-out fracture typically affects which orbital bone?
A
Maxilla
25
List the paranasal sinuses.
Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal, Maxillary, Frontal
26
The periorbita acts as an attachment site for which structures?
Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments
27
What is a circular dense connective tissue sheet that helps to prevent facial infections from entering the orbit?
Orbital septum
28
Describe Tenon’s capsule
Dense connective tissue that encases the globe
Lies between the conjunctiva and the episclera
Acts as barrier to prevent the spread of orbital infections into the globe
29
What are the three eyebrow muscles and their associated functions?
Frontalis – Surprise
Procerus – Concentration
Corrugator – Aggression
30
When you hear, or see, the term “palpebrae”, which ocular structure do we
automatically think of?
Eyelid
31
List the four functions of the eyelids.
Protection
Help tears to drain
Spread tears over the eye
Tear production (they contain structures that produce tears)
32
Where can you find the lateral canthus and the medial canthus?
Palpebral fissure
33
What do we call a highly vascularized, crescent-shaped fold of conjunctiva?
Plica semilunaris
Semilunar fold
34
Name the structures found in the caruncle.
Accessory lacrimal glands
Hair follicles
Sebaceous and sweat glands
35
List four facts about the cilia (lashes).
Arranged at lid margin in double or triple rows
~150 upper / ~75 lower
Replacement lashes grow to full size in 10 weeks
Each lash is replaced every 5 months
36
What is the main function of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and which cranial nerve
provides innervation for this function?
Closes the eyelid, CN VII
37
Name three things that can make you blink involuntarily.
Loud noise
Corneal, conjunctival, or ciliary touch
Sudden approach of object
38
What is the main function of the levator muscle, and which cranial nerve provides
innervation for this function?
Opens the eyelid, CN III
39
The tarsal muscle of Müller is what type of muscle tissue?
Smooth, involuntary
40
Meibomian glands are embedded in which structure?
Tarsal plate
41
What structure is the thinnest skin in the body, covers the front of the lid, and
ends at the mucocutaneous junction of the lid margin?
Lid epidermis
42
Name the thin translucent membrane that begins at the mucocutaneous junction.
Conjunctiva
43
Name the two tear production structures found in the conjunctiva.
Goblet cells
Accessory lacrimal glands (Krause, Wolfring)
44
List the seven tear film functions. What differentiates functions #1 and #7?
a. Keeps surface of eye moist
b. Lubricates area between eyelids and globe
c. Traps debris and removes old cells
d. Main source of oxygen for cornea
e. Smooth refractive surface for best optical function
f. Contains antibacterial chemicals
g. Keeps cornea hydrated
* #1 is simply to keep the corneal surface wet
* #7 implies that the corneal tissue must maintain a proper balance of fluid
45
Name the three tear layers and the structures that secrete them.
a. Mucin – Goblet cells
b. Aqueous – Main lacrimal gland, accessory lacrimal glands
c. Lipid – Meibomian glands
46
Name the structures of the lacrimal secretory system.
a. Main lacrimal gland
b. Acc. Lacrimal glands
c. Meibomian glands
d. Goblet cells
e. Zeis glands
47
Describe the route that a single aqueous tear takes starting in the main lacrimal
gland and ending in a Kleenex tissue.
a. Main lacrimal gland
b. Eye
c. Lacrimal lake
d. Puncta
e. Canaliculi
f. Nasolacrimal sac
g. Nasolacrimal duct
h. Tissue
48
List the six types of eye movements that a normal human eye is capable of.
a. Adduction, elevation, Intorsion, extortion, depression, abduction
49
List the six EOM’s.
SUPERIOR RECTUS, INFERIOR
RECTUS, MEDIAL RECTUS, LATERAL
RECTUS, SUPERIOR OBLIQUE, INFERIOR OBLIQUE
50
50. Five of the six EOM’s are attached to an annular collagenous tissue located in the
posterior orbit. Name this structure.
a. Common tendinous ring
51
51. List the four requirements needed to satisfy the definition of “Primary Position of
Gaze.”
a. Head erect
b. Eye located in sagittal plane
c. Eye located in horizontal plane lined up with centers of rotation of both
eyes
d. Viewing optical infinity
52
Create a table of the six EOM’s, their origin, insertion, and primary action:
Study Table
53
What is considered the principal refracting component of the eye?
a. Cornea
54
54. From external to internal, list the five layers of the cornea.
a. Epithelium
b. Bowman’s layer
c. Stroma
d. Descemet’s membrane
e. Endothelium
55
55. Describe the surface cells of the corneal epithelium.
a. Approximately 2 layers of non-keratinized squamous cells
56
56. In which layer of the corneal epithelium do we find the wing cells?
a. Middle
57
57. The basal layer is the most internal layer of the corneal epithelium. This single
layer of cells is responsible for producing what substance?
a. Basement membrane
58
58. Bowman’s layer consists of dense collagen fibrils randomly arranged in a ground
substance. Where is this layer produced? Can it regenerate?
a. Epithelium, No
59
59. What type of cells produce collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma? What fact about
the collagen fibrils accounts for corneal transparency?
Keratocytes
b. Regular spacing of the fibrils accounts for the cornea’s transparency
60
60. Can Descemet’s membrane regenerate?
a. Yes
61
61. Disruption of the corneal endothelium leads to these two conditions.
a. Pleomorphism: Change in cell shape
b. Polymegathism: Change in cell size
62
62. What two factors affect the cornea’s ability to function properly?
a. Refraction of light
b. Transmission of light
63
63. What three factors are needed for corneal light transmission?
a. Smooth optical surface created by epithelium and tear film
b. Absence of blood vessels
c. Correct spatial arrangement of collagen fibrils
64
64. What structures restrict fluid from the tear film into the corneal epithelium?
a. Zonular junctions
65
65. Name the endothelial pump that is important to maintain proper hydration.
a. Na+/K+ ATPase pump
66
66. What physiological activity occurs in the corneal stroma when it swells?
a. Pumps remove excess fluid to maintain homeostasis
67
67. During corneal wound healing, which two corneal layers are neither regenerated
nor replaced?
a. Bowman’s layer, Endothelium
68
68. Name three ways in which the cornea receives O2.
a. Diffusion of O2 from aqueous humor in the anterior chamber
b. Conjunctival and episcleral capillary networks located in the limbus
c. Atmospheric O2 through the tear film
69
69. What are the 5 structures responsible for corneal innervation?
a. Cranial nerve V
b. Ophthalmic division
c. Nasociliary nerve
d. Long and short ciliary nerves
e. Corneal plexus
70
70. How is the sclera associated with the EOM’s?
a. The sclera provides attachment for the EOM’s
71
71. What type of tissue is episclera?
a. Loose vascularized connective tissue
72
72. What fact contributes to the sclera’s strength and flexibility?
a. Random arrangement and interweaving of collagen fibrils
73
73. The scleral spur is used as a reference point for which clinical procedure?
a. Gonioscopy, which helps to diagnose glaucoma
74
74. What structure can be found in the anterior scleral foramen?
a. Cornea
75
75. What two structures are found in the posterior scleral foramen?
a. Optic nerve, lamina cribrosa
76
76. These vessels are found in the middle canals of the sclera.
a. Vortex veins
77
77. Where is the limbus located?
a. Corneoscleral junction
78
78. What characteristic allows the ciliary body to change the shape of the lens?
a. Lenticular malleability
79
79. The change in dioptric lens power is known as what?
a. Accommodation
80
80. What is the transparent envelope that surrounds the lens?
a. Lens capsule
81
81. What structures attach the ciliary processes to the lens capsule?
a. Zonules
82
82. In the lens, what do we call the area responsible for cell mitosis?
a. Germinal zone
83
83. What lens structure is created from the epithelium when an elongated cell loses all
of its organelles?
a. Lens fiber
84
84. What protein structures are found in high concentrations in the lens fiber
cytoplasm?
a. Crystallins
85
85. Where do the Zonules of Zinn attach to the lens capsule?
a. At the pre and post equatorial regions
86
86. Describe the accommodative process when a far distant object is being viewed.
a. The ciliary muscle is relaxed, and located in a more posterior position
b. The zonules are tight, and pulling on the crystalline lens
c. The lens is less convex
87
87. Describe the accommodative process when a near object is being viewed.
a. The ciliary muscle is constricted, and located in a more anterior position
b. The zonules are loose, and decrease their tension on the crystalline lens
c. The lens is more convex
88
88. List four facts about the antioxidant glutathione.
a. High concentration in lens tissue
b. Detoxifies free radicals in the young lens
c. With age, glutathione movement into lens nucleus slows down
d. Can create nuclear sclerosis (Cataract)
88
The patient in the corneal transplant video is undergoing a corneal transplant for:
a. Glaucoma
b. Cataracts
c. Corneal ulcer
d. Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy
D
89
What type of ophthalmic device is placed on the eye for stabilization purposes
while it is “open sky”?
a. Microkeratome
b. Flieringa ring
c. Speculum
d. IOL
B
90
A prepared Hessburg-Barron ____________________ is placed on the eye.
a. Trephine
b. Speculum
c. Microkeratome
d. IOL
A
91
A total of____________________ turns of the Hessburg-Barron trephine is
enough to cut the cornea by a depth of ____________________ percent corneal
thickness.
a. 18-19 quarter; 75-80
b. 8-9 quarter; 7-8
c. 8-9 quarter; 75-80
d. 10-20 quarter; 75-80
C
92
Once vitreous is removed from the anterior chamber, ______________________
is placed in the anterior chamber and peripheral cornea.
a. Blood
b. Aqueous
c. Viscolelastic
d. Vitreous
C
93
The first suture is placed at the ____________________ position of the eye.
a. 3 o’clock
b. 6 o’clock
c. 9 o’clock
d. 12 o’clock
D
94
The ____________________ suture placement is critically important because it
determines the ____________________ of the graft.
a. 6 o’clock; Astigmatism
b. 12 o’clock; Myopia
c. 3 o’clock; Hyperopia
d. 9 o’clock; Anisometropia
A
95
Generally, the two toughest sutures in a graft are the ____________________ and
____________________ sutures.
a. 6 o’clock; 9 o’clock
b. 3 o’clock; 9 o’clock
c. 3 o’clock; 12 o’clock
d. 3 o’clock; 6 o’clock
B
96
Once the first four sutures are placed and tied, the anterior chamber will be
irrigated with ____________________, which removes the viscoelastic and
deepens the anterior chamber.
a. Water
b. BSS plus (Balanced Salt Solution)
c. Plasma
d. Aqueous
B
97
Routine post-op management includes topical ____________________ 3-4 times
per day for 1 week, and topical ____________________ 4-8 times per day
depending on the diagnosis and the amount of inflammation expected after
surgery.
a. Antihistamines; Steroids
b. Antibiotics; Steroids
c. Antibiotics; Lubricants
d. Antibiotics; NSAIDS
B
98
Routine follow-up for corneal transplants is: ____________________,
____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and
then every ____________________ for the first year.
a. 1 day; 1 week; 2 weeks; 4 weeks; 4-6 weeks
b. 2 days; 1 week; 2 weeks; 4 weeks; 4-6 weeks
c. 3 days; 1 week; 2 weeks; 4 weeks; 4-6 weeks
d. 4 days; 1 week; 2 weeks; 4 weeks; 4-6 weeks
A
99
_________________ Percent of corneal transplants are performed as
__________________ procedures.
a. 95; In-patient
b. 5; In-patient
c. 5; Out-patient
d. 95; Out-patient
D
100
Ocular surface problems such as ____________________
____________________ the day after surgery should be significantly improved
or completely resolved by ____________________ after surgery.
a. Endothelial defects; 5-10 days
b. Epithelial defects; 15-20 days
c. Epithelial defects; 5-10 days
d. Stromal defects; 5-10 days
C
101
Broken or loose sutures increase the risk of ____________________.
a. Infection
b. Inflammation
c. Graft rejection
d. Corneal ulcers
A
102
____________________ ____________________ require intensive antibiotic
therapy and may even need ____________________ antibiotic therapy.
a. Stromal abscesses; Fortified
b. Suture rejection; Fortified
c. Suture abscesses; Fortified
d. Suture abscesses; Broad spectrum
C
103
A rare but important complication is:
a. Secondary graft failure
b. Primary graft failure
c. Tertiary graft failure
d. Primary suture failure
B
104
Most corneal transplants utilize this form of anesthesia:
a. None
b. General
c. Proparacaine
d. Local
D
105
The ____________________ ____________________ is monitored carefully
during surgery to note as soon as possible if a ____________________
hemorrhage should occur.
a. White reflex; Choroidal
b. Red reflex; Corneal
c. Red reflex; Choroidal
d. Red reflex; Conjunctival
C
106
Sutures remain in the cornea for ____________________ post-operatively.
a. 1-2 months
b. 2-3 months
c. 3-9 months
d. 6-12 months
D
107
The technical term for corneal transplant is Penetrating __________________.
a. Keratectomy
b. Keratoplasty
c. Keratometry
d. Keratomileusis
B
