Vision

Question 1

In what layer of the eye are the photreceptors located?

Answer 1

retina

Question 2

What are the three layers of the uvea?

Answer 2

chroid
ciliary body
iris

Question 3

What layer is continuous with the cornea?

Answer 3

sclera

Question 4

Where to the extraoccular muscles insert?

Answer 4

sclera

Question 5

These two muscles open the eye

Answer 5

levator palpibae

superior tarsal

Question 6

This muscle closes the eye

Answer 6

orbicularis occuli

Question 7

What is so special about the superior tarsal?

Answer 7

sm. muscle
NE –> alpha-1 receptors
sympathetic innervation

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter do the orbicularis occuli and levator palpebrae muscles use?

Answer 8

ACh –> nAChR

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter mediates the pattern generator for coordination of blinking?

Answer 9

dopamine

Question 10

What is the corneal reflex?

Answer 10

closing of eyes to nociceptive pain

Question 11

What is the optic reflex?

Answer 11

closing of eyes to bright light or rapidly approaching object

Question 12

What are the 3 components of tears?

Answer 12

aqueous from lacrimal
lipid from lids
mucous from conjunctiva

Question 13

What type of epithelium is found on the lens?

Answer 13

cuboidal

Question 14

Refraction in cornea and lens: how are they different?

Answer 14

cornea: static, more powerful
lens: dynamic, less powerful

Question 15

Emmetropic

Answer 15

eye that is refracting light normally

Question 16

Optic axis

Answer 16

through geometric center, sharpest focus

Question 17

Visual axis/fovea centralis

Answer 17

best color vision

Question 18

Convergence

Answer 18

coordinated movement of eyes inward

Question 19

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Answer 19

cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic to ciliary muscle

Question 20

Ciliary ganglion

Answer 20

cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic to ciliary muscle

Question 21

Hyperopia

Answer 21

far-sighted

Question 22

Myopia

Answer 22

near-sighted

Question 23

Hyperopia: convex or concave

Answer 23

convex

Question 24

Myopia: convex or concave

Answer 24

concave

Question 25

What is a cataract?

Answer 25

decreased lens opacity

Question 26

Pupillary sphincter

Answer 26

surrounds lens

Question 27

Pupillary dialator

Answer 27

radiates from pupillary spincter

Question 28

Where does sympathetic innervation to pupillary dialator come from?

Answer 28

superior cervical ganglion (NE)

Question 29

Where does parasympathetic innervation to pupillary sphincter come from?

Answer 29

ciliar ganglion (ACh)

Question 30

What produces aqueous humor?

Answer 30

ciliary body

Question 31

Where is aqueous humor produced?

Answer 31

posterior chamber

Question 32

What is the way out for aqueous humor

Answer 32

canal of Schlemm

Question 33

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect intraocular pressure?

Answer 33

epinephrine stimulates beta-2 receptors, increases [cAMP] and increases inflow norepinephrine stimulates alpha-2 receptors, decreases [cAMP] and decreases flow

Question 34

How does bicarbonate generation affect intraocular pressure?

Answer 34

increased Cl- secretion, osmosis, and intraoccular pressure

Question 35

What is primary outflow are for aqueous humor?

Answer 35

canal of Schlemm

Question 36

What is uveoscleral outflow?

Answer 36

reabsorption of aqueous humor through ciliary muscle

Question 37

What is the pathophys of glaucoma?

Answer 37

increased intraoccular pressure

Question 38

What are the two types of glaucoma and the differences between them?

Answer 38

open angle: not dangerous | closed angle: medical emergency

Question 39

Fovea centralis

Answer 39

90% of cones in retina

Question 40

Three cone colors

Answer 40

blue, green, red

Question 41

4 steps in visual transduction

Answer 41

1. pigment activation 2. G-protein activation 3. phosphodiesterase activation 4. closing is cGMP dependent

Question 42

Spacial acuity

Answer 42

distinguish 2 points: eye chart

Question 43

Temporal acuity

Answer 43

normally 50 Hz

Question 44

Spectral acuity

Answer 44

2 colors as different