Vision

Question 1

What wavelengths of electromagnetic radiationcan we see?

Answer 1

380-760 nanometres

Question 2

Colour and brightness are?

Answer 2

Colour = wavelength
Brightness = amplitude

Question 3

Sclera

Answer 3

The tough white tissue covering the eye

Question 4

Cornea

Answer 4

The small round window in the sclera

Question 5

Aqueous Humour

Answer 5

Fluid that fills the front of the eye until reaching the pupil

Question 6

Pupil and Iris

Answer 6

Pupil is the aperture of the eye. The iris is the ring of muscles that controls its wideness (controlled by autonomic nervous system)

Question 7

Lens is controlled by?

Answer 7

Ciliary muscles

Question 8

Vitreous Humour

Answer 8

The fluid inside the eye

Question 9

Retina

Answer 9

The back of the eye, contains photoreceptors

Question 10

Choroid

Answer 10

Black lining inside the eye

Question 11

Photoreceptors

Answer 11

Located in the back of the retina. Consist of rods and cones.

Question 12

Fovea

Answer 12

Spot at back of retina in which the majority of cones are located

Question 13

Fovea

Answer 13

Spot at back of retina in which the majority of cones are located

Question 14

Photopigments

Answer 14

Chemical in rods and cones the absorb light and transduce it into neural information

Question 15

‘On’ bipolars and ‘off’ bipolars

Answer 15

On = become more active (depolarise) to visual input
off = become less active (hyperpolarise) to visual input

Question 16

where do Ganglion cells receive info from and project info to?

Answer 16

receive information from Bipolar cells, project to Optic Nerve

Question 17

Horizontal cells

Answer 17

Interconnect photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Question 18

Amacrine cells

Answer 18

Link between bipolar and ganglion cells

Question 19

Pathway of light to optic nerve:

Answer 19

Light - Rods/cones - Bipolar cells - Ganglion cells - Optic Nerve

Question 20

Optic Chiasm

Answer 20

Part where two optic nerves converge and visual information crosses to the other side of the brain (not all)

Question 21

Optic Tract

Answer 21

although there are no synapses involved, the pathway coming out of the Optic Chiasm is called the Optic Tract

Question 22

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Answer 22

Gets information from optic tract and projects it to the Primary Visual Cortex, which is located in the Occipital lobe

Question 23

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Answer 23

Gets information from optic tract and projects it to the Primary Visual Cortex, which is located in the Occipital lobe

Question 24

Parvocellular cells

Answer 24

in the geniculate nucleus. constitute the top 4 layers. Receive information mostly from the fovea

Question 25

Magnocellular cells

Answer 25

In the geniculate nucleus. Constitute bottom 2 layers. Receive information from periphery of retina.

Question 26

Optic Radiations

Answer 26

The pathway from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex

Question 27

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 27

It is here the information from both eyes is combined for the first time

Question 28

Receptive field

Answer 28

The area in which a response is generated within photoreceptors

Question 29

Simple cells

Answer 29

Detect straight lines, edges. Stimulus has to be in correct orientation and place in the receptive field

Question 30

Complex cells

Answer 30

Detect stimulus anywhere in the receptive field, provided it is in the correct orientation

Question 31

Hypercomplex cells

Answer 31

Detect stimulus of correct orientation and length (also called end-stopped)

Question 32

Orientation columns

Answer 32

moving vertically in visual cortex, simple, complex and hypercomplex cells all triggered by same orientation.

Question 33

Three different types of cone

Answer 33

Blue, Green and Red

Question 34

Three different types of cone

Answer 34

Blue, Green and Red

Question 35

Trichromatic Theory of colour vision

Answer 35

Three colour receptors; blue, green and red which, when combined, could detect any colour

Question 36

Opponent theory

Answer 36

Three colour receptors which detect opposites: Blue-yellow, red-green and black-white

Question 37

Cells in cytochrome blobs are sensitive to?

Answer 37

Colour (they are located in the visual cortex)

Question 38

450nm looks like?

Answer 38

Blue

Question 39

550nm looks like?

Answer 39

green

Question 40

600nm looks like?

Answer 40

Yellow

Question 41

700nm looks like?

Answer 41

Red

Question 42

Orientation detection is coded by:

Answer 42

Simple cortical cells

Question 43

Luminance contrast (edges) are first coded by

Answer 43

Ganglion cells

Question 44

scotopic vision

Answer 44

vision in the dark

Question 45

photopic vision

Answer 45

Vision under well-lit conditions

Question 46

Dorsal pathway

Answer 46

through the parietal lobes - spatial location of objects

Question 47

Ventral Pathway

Answer 47

through the temporal lobes - Visual recognition of objects

Question 48

Presbyopia

Answer 48

When the flexibility of the lens diminishes (what happens to old people)

Question 49

Myopia

Answer 49

When the lens fails to flatten (short-sightedness)

Question 50

Myopia

Answer 50

When the lens fails to flatten (short-sightedness)

Question 51

Parvocellular and Magnocellular cells are found?

Answer 51

In the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Parvocellular = top 4 layers, Magnocellular = bottom 2 layers

Question 52

Cortical modules contain

Answer 52

Orientation columns, ocular dominance columns and cytochrome blobs

Question 53

P Cells (Parvocellular)

Answer 53

Colour, contrast

Question 54

M Cells (Magnocellular)

Answer 54

Movement