Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

illuminance

A

lighy from a light source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

luminance

A

light reflected from objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

intensity

A

illuminance and luminance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

—— + ——- focus on an inverted image on the ——- with an aperaturer controlled by the ——–

A

cornea and lens , retina, pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

factors limiting spatial acuity

A

diffraction
lens aberration
refractice error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when does light get diffracted and what is meant by that

A

when passing through a lens ( pupil ) , light spreads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

point spread function

A

describes the blurred circle on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

optical imprecisions in real life

A

spherical aberration
chromatic aberration
glare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

spherical

A

marginal rays focus closer than axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chromatic aberration

A

diff colours focus diff depths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

glare

A

small particles in the optical media as a cause for light scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

emmentropic

A

when eye can be focused on infinity and incoming rays are parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amentropic

A

incoming eyes not parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

short sighted

A

myopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

long sighted

A

hypermetropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myopia increased risk

A

retinal detchment , glaucona , degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

presbyopia

A

lense becomes inflexible with age –> reduction in accomodation power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

long sightedness

A

hypermetropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

protein in lens

A

crystallin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cataract

A

clouding of lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cornea and lens are supplied by _______ with metabolites produced by _________ and drained off by _________ + __________

A

aqueous humour , ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, canal of schlemm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glaucoma

A

vision loss due to optic nerve damage

primarly caused by reduced outflow as intralocular pressure is raised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lens power

A

1/ focal length, measured in dioptes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lens power

A

1/ focal length, measured in dioptes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
accomodation
change in lens power ( focal lenght ) using ciliarly muscle and zonule / suspensory ligaments
26
near reflex
convergence of two eyes to fixate on new target - point at same object
27
what causes accomodation
simultaneous constriction of the pupil near reflex pupil size change
28
ciliary muscles are under
parasympathetic control via the oculomotor nerve
29
iris - 2 muscles
sphincter ( para ) and dilator ( sym )
30
pupil diameter circuitry involves projection from the retina to the _______ which projects bilaterally to preganglion parasympathetic neurons in the _____________ projecting via ___________ to the __________
pretectum --> Edinger-Westphal nucleus --> oculomotor nerve --> ciliary ganglion
31
two eyes illuminations
direct and consensual response for illumination bcs of projections of protectum
32
agryll- robertson pupil
pathology in which pupils accomodate but do not react ot bright light by constricting , neurosyphilis characteristic
33
amarcine
diverse transmitters + meidate diverse interactions
34
glial element in retina
mueller cells
35
retina , 5 layers
3 nuclear layers- cell bodies ( outer , inner, ganglion cell layer ) + 2 plexiform layers - axons + synapses ( outer and inner )
36
outer nuclear layer
photoreceptor cell bodies
37
inner nuclear layer
bipolar, horizontal, amarcine
38
outer plexiform layer
synapse: photoreceptors , bipolar, horizontal
39
inner plexiform layer
synapse bipolar amarcine ganglion
40
receptive field size
degree of convergence
41
photoreceptor synapse
presynaptic ribbon + form synaptic triads with bip and hori post synaptic cells
42
cone synapse
terminals --> cone pedicle , divergence, invaginating or flat
43
rod synapse
terminals: rod spherule , convergence
44
off centre - centre stim
hyperpolarise , gl opens ionotropic
45
off centre - surround
dep with inhibitory feedback synapse ( disinhibition of photoreceptor )
46
on-centre - centre
depolarising through sign inverting synapse via metabotropic glutamate mGlu6 receptor
47
parvocellular/midgey ganglion
sustained response
48
rod signalling pathway retina
rod- rod BP - rod amarcine cell - gap junction on centre BP / inhibitory synapse to off centre BP
49
mesopic
cones and rods
50
LGN the ______ fans out in a broad pathway
optic radiation
51
through ________ ending in V1. at occipital pole in the _________
internal capsule, calcarine sulcus
52
cortical magnification
fovea overrepresented in retinotopic representataion
53
fibres from LGN end on
spiny stellate ( layer 4 )
54
magno -->
4 c alpha
55
parvo -->
4 c beta
56
outputs to higher visual areas
pyramidal neurons
57
end stopping
respond only to short bars, become inhibited if exceeding critical lenght
58
stereopsis
binocular judgement of rel depth
59
amblyopia
problem with V1 function, affects 5 % of humans can occur if humans wear eye patches uncorrected astigmatistm
60
v2
thin and thick interstripes
61
absorption of light determining the
action spectrum of cone
62
tetrachromacy birds
colour oil droplets at the base of cone outer segments , filter incident light before reaching lamellae --> can see UV light
63
test for normal trichromacy
rayleigh match
64
protanopia
missing red cone type
65
deuteranopia
missing green cone type
66
tritanopia
missing blue cone type
67
protanomaly
red cone pigment shifted towards yellow i.e more red is needed in colour matching
68
deuteranomaly
green pigment shifted towards yellow
69
tritanomaly
very rare, blue pigment shifted
70
Mondrian experiment
V1- colour of light makes cell repond V4- only colour of object not light matches colour constancy as colour analyses irrespective of illumination
71
scotopic range
parafovea region with highest density of rods focued
72
mesopic range
rods and cones
73
photopic
cones
74
increment threshold experiment
threshold test spot intesnity to be seen as background intensity varies
75
absoulte threshold
threshold independ of background set by dark light

Neuro (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions