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Special Senses - Eye > Vision Loss > Flashcards

Vision Loss Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three main types of refractive error?

A
  1. Myopia (near-sighted)
  2. Hypermetropia (far-sighted)
  3. Astigmatism
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2
Q

Where is light focused in myopia?

A

In front of retina

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3
Q

What lens is used to correct myopia?

A

Concave lens

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4
Q

Where is light focused in hypermetropia?

A

Behind retina

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5
Q

What lens is used to correct hypermetropia?

A

Convex lens

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6
Q

What symptom is associated with hypermetropia (far-sighted)?

A

Headache (due to straining to read)

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7
Q

What deformity is present in astigmatism?

A

Lens/cornea is not symmetrical

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8
Q

How is astigmatism corrected?

A

Varying thickness lens

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9
Q

What age group and sex are cataracts more common in?

A

Elderly

Women

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10
Q

Three risk factors for cataract formation?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Diabetes
  3. Systemic corticosteroids
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11
Q

Main symptom of cataracts?

A

Gradual, painless vision loss

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12
Q

Three presenting complaints in cataracts?

A
  1. Difficulty reading
  2. Difficulty recognising faces
  3. Difficulty watching TV
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13
Q

Main sign of cataracts?

A

Defect in red reflex

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14
Q

Treatment of cataracts?

A

Lens replacement surgery

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15
Q

What are the four diagnostic features of open angle glaucoma?

A
  1. Progressive vision loss
  2. Adult onset
  3. IOP >21
  4. Open angle
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16
Q

Four risk factors of open angle glaucoma?

A
  1. Age >65 yrs
  2. Family history
  3. Ocular hypertension
  4. Myopia
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17
Q

Three signs of open angle glaucoma?

A
  1. Raised IOP
  2. Cup:disc ratio >0.3
  3. Reduced visual fields
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18
Q

Treatment of open angle glaucoma to encourage aqueous outflow?

Study These Flashcards
A

Prostaglandin analogue (latanoprost)

19
Q

Two treatments of open angle glaucoma that reduces aqueous secretion?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Beta blockers (timolol)

2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetalozamide - tablet)

20
Q

Surgery to treat open angle glaucoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Laser/mechanical hole formation to improve outflow

21
Q

Who is most at risk of macular degeneration?

Study These Flashcards
A

Over 60 yrs, women 2x more likely

22
Q

What are the two types of macular degeneration and which is more common?

Study These Flashcards
A

Wet and dry

Dry = 9/10 cases

23
Q

What is the cause of macular degeneration and what extra feature is involved in wet macular degeneration?

Study These Flashcards
A

Both forms have gradual thinning and degeneration of macula

Wet has angiogenesis

24
Q

Four risk factors of macular degeneration?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Smoking
  2. Hypertension
  3. Sun damage
  4. Obesity
25
Three symptoms of macular degeneration?
1. Painless, gradual vision loss (faster in wet) 2. Visual distortion 3. Visual hallucinations (in severe vision loss)
26
Three signs of macular degeneration?
1. Reduced visual acuity 2. Drusen spots (wet) 3. Flame, dot and blot haemorrhages (wet)
27
Treatment of dry macular degeneration?
Lifestyle changes to slow progression
28
Treatment of wet macular degeneration?
Anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab)
29
What age group is most at risk of retinal artery occlusion?
Over 60 yrs
30
Four risk factors of RAO?
1. AF 2. Atherosclerosis 3. Eye injury 4. Endocarditis
31
Main symptom of RAO?
Profound, painless vision loss
32
Main sign of RAO?
Pale retina with cherry spot macula
33
Why is the macula unaffected in RAO?
Blood to macula is supplied by the choroid
34
`Three treatments to try and dislodge clots in RAO?
1. Ocular massage 2. Lower IOP 3. Vasodilation
35
What age group is most at risk from retinal vein occlusion?
Over 60 yrs
36
Six risk factors of RVO?
1. Hypertension 2. High cholesterol 3. Glaucoma 4. Diabetes 5. Smoking 6. Hypercoaguability
37
Main symptom of RVO?
Profound, usually painless vision loss
38
When does RVO present with severe pain?
In the presence of glaucoma
39
Three signs of RVO?
1. Dot, blot and flame haemorrhages 2. Cotton wool spots 3. Disc cupping
40
Three treatments for RVO?
1. Reduce IOP 2. Anti-VEGF (if angiogenesis is present) 3. Steroid injection
41
Three main risk factors for retinal detachment?
1. Myopia 2. Cataract removal 3. Trauma (football, paintball, bungee jumps)
42
Three main symptoms of retinal detachment?
1. Flashers 2. Floaters 3. Curtain-like vision loss
43
Two signs of retinal detachment?
1. Grey, folded red reflex | 2. Decreased visual fields
44
Two main treatments of retinal detachment?
1. Raise IOP (gas/oil injection) | 2. Scleral buckling (drains fluid behind retina)

Special Senses - Eye (3 decks)

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