VISION3

Question 0

in the retina, the image is

Answer 0

inverted top to bottom and left to right

Question 1

ephs

Answer 1

ephrin B2 is at optic chiasm and neurons that express eph1 cannot cross over

Question 2

mononuclear blindness

Answer 2

disease or damage of one of the eyeballs or of the optic nerve that results in loss of vision int he affected eye and loss of respective visual field

Question 3

anopsia

Answer 3

relatively large visual field deficits

Question 4

bitemporal hemianopsia

Answer 4

loss of information frm the nasal retina

can result from compression of the optic chiasm (pituitary tumor or aneurysm of circle of willis)

Question 5

homonomous hemianopsia

Answer 5

loss of vision in half of the visual field where the same portion of the visual field in each eye is lost

produced by any lesion more central than the optic chiasm

Question 6

3 groups of cells

Answer 6

simple cells
complex cells
hypercomplex cells

Question 7

simple cortical cells

Answer 7

several on center ganglion cells in a row

rectangular receptive field–grid of rteina- depends on orientation of stimulus in that small piece of retina

Question 8

complex cortical cells

Answer 8

larger receptive fields
ona nd off responses throughout
sensitive to rientation and length
best input is end of a line of that orientation

Question 9

two simple cortical cells synapse on

Answer 9

an end stopped complex cell

Question 10

hypercomplex

Answer 10

only a stimulus of correct shape and orientation moving in a proper direction will excite the cell1`q

Question 11

as you go higher in the visual system

Answer 11

there appears to be a greater degree of convergence of visua information

Question 12

orientation columns

Answer 12

cells arranged in vertical columns, so that if you go down through a column all of the cells will have the same orientation specificity

Question 13

hyper column

Answer 13

two ocular dominance columsnt together (right and left)

an ocular dominance column are vertical columns with cells receiving input from same piece of retina

Question 14

BLOBS

Answer 14

groups of cells that process color information and do not have orientation specificity
-interspersed among the columns

Question 15

critical period to avoid cortical blindness

Answer 15

0/6years

Question 16

strabismus

Answer 16

misalignment of two eyes

• -usually due to improper control of gaze by eye muscles or due to weakness or damage to one of muscles
• -results in lack of coordination between eyes

Question 17

esotropia

Answer 17

convergent strabismus; cross-eyed

Question 18

exotropia

Answer 18

divergent strabismus

walleyed

Question 19

Parallel processing

Answer 19

abstract information about individual properties of the visual scene using anatomically separate parts of cerebral cortex

Question 20

3 key components of vision

Answer 20

motion detection
depth perception
color detection

Question 21

primary visual cortex

Answer 21

V1/area 17

medial surface occipital lobe; above and below calcarine sulcus

Question 22

area 18

Answer 22

v2 and v3
occiptial lobe
depth perception

Question 23

area 17

Answer 23

v4
occipital lobe
color vision

Question 24

area 19

Answer 24

V5 middle temporal area motion detection, spatial relatonships, depth perception

Question 25

ventral stream

Answer 25

``` from V1--V4-->temporal lobe object recognition (includingcolor) ```

Question 26

dorsal stream

Answer 26

frm V1-->MT-->parietal lobe | motion detection; depth perception

Question 27

Akinetopsia

Answer 27

motion blindness

Question 28

motion can be detected in two ways

Answer 28

image movement | eye movement

Question 29

two main approaches used for depth perception

Answer 29

monocular cues | stereoscopic cues-

Question 30

stereopsis

Answer 30

image of an object is on non-corresponding spots of the retinas in the eyes

Question 31

binocular cells

Answer 31

provide stereoscopic cues--thought to be the basis of depth perception cortical cells that have input from both eyes from slightly shifted parts of the retina frm each eye, max stimulus behind or in front point of fixation

Question 32

preceiving depth with one eye

Answer 32

``` previous familiarity relative size interposition linear perspective shadows and illumination motion parallax ```

Question 33

color constancy

Answer 33

objects do not change their color depending on light source

Question 34

three characteristics of color

Answer 34

hue-cones saturation- amount cones are stiulated brightness-total effect of stimulus

Question 35

color opponent cells

Answer 35

ganglion cells in retina that have receptive fields containing cone photoreceptors

Question 36

double opponent cortial cell

Answer 36

red+,green- center with red-, green+ surround

Question 37

aperceptive agnosia

Answer 37

inability to pull out and separate /recognize the image of an object from the background

Question 38

synesthesia

Answer 38

involuntary physical experience of crossmodal linkage (stimulation of one sensory modality evokes another different modality)

Question 39

Q

Answer 39

1

Question 40

four places the optic chiasm projects

Answer 40

scn pretectal area superior colliculus lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 41

optic radiation goes to

Answer 41

``` meyers loop (below calcarine sulcus in occipital lobe) visual cortex (above calcarine sulcus in occipital lobe) ```

Question 42

Meyer's loop

Answer 42

upper 1/2 visual field | --inferior retinal quadrants

Question 43

visual cortex

Answer 43

lower 1/2 visual field | upper retinal quad