Visual development

Question 1

What is visual development? Kellman and Arterberry (1998)

Answer 1

Visual development is the organization and interpretation of perceptual input

Question 2

Who states we are born a ‘blooming confusion’

Answer 2

James (1890)

Question 3

Why might our visual development be driven by learnt factors? (Gregory, 1960)

Answer 3

We are born a blank slate and from this we acquire visual perception through the interaction with our environment

Question 4

Keech (2002) stated…

Answer 4

Our visual cortical region is the same in both adults and infants
It it essential to strengthen our perception during the first 7 years (critical period)

Question 5

Experimental evidence of visual perception as a result of learning (Taylor and Mitchell, 1997)

Answer 5

Participants stood a foot from the side of a table, participants were asked to draw the plate on the table, the majority of participants exaggerated the circularity and curve of the object due to having seen the object before and being aware of its features and appearance (Taylor and Mitchell, 1997)

Question 6

When the plate was placed in a dark box, participants still exaggerated the curve of the plate. This was found by?

Answer 6

Mitchell and Taylor (1999)

Question 7

Gibson (1979) explanation of innate factors influencing visual development

Answer 7

Sensory systems are pre-programmed and genetically imbedded

Question 8

Gibson and Walk (1960) studied depth perception with what experiment?

Answer 8

The visual cliff experiment

Question 9

Describe the visual cliff experiment (Gibson and Walk, 1960)

Answer 9

A thick glass pane laid across a gap within the floor, 8 month old infants showed the ability to judge depth, as babies would crawl across the shallow side but not the deep side

Question 10

What is binocular parallax?

Answer 10

Difference in the position of an object when seen from one eye or the other

Question 11

Motion parallax is defined as…

Answer 11

Having the ability to judge an objects position, a closer object moves farther across our field of view

Question 12

How are we able to perceive objects in 3D?

Answer 12

The retina transducers light to a neutral code and the brain makes sense of 3D information of meaningful patterns

Question 13

Who proposed the theory of figure to ground relation and when?

Answer 13

Kerman and Spelke (1983)

Question 14

How is the figure to ground relation theory an innate ability?

Answer 14

Kelman and Spelke (1983) explained that we are able to recognize objects in the foreground due to subjective contours, distant objects partly hidden by nearer objects allows us to make sense of distance
Infants dishabituated to the scene with a broken rod so the scene with the solid rod was more familiar

Question 15

Slater (1988) social stimuli experiment claimed what?

Answer 15

We prefer symmetrical faces due to its meaningful patterns, babies are found to fixate on the eyes and span for movement and light and dark contrasts that signals edges or depth

Question 16

How might social stimuli detection be found to be innate? (Carpenter, 1975)

Answer 16

Child is able to make distinctions between people and objects during first few days of being born but can also discriminate between mothers face and voice

Question 17

Support for visual cliff experiment?

Answer 17

Campos et al. (1978) was able to find a higher heart rate for infants during the visual cliff task rather than on a solid surface suggesting fear of depth

Question 18

Evaluation of the visual cliff task

Answer 18

Jonas (2014) divided babies of 7months into those that could crawl and those that couldn’t
The crawl group had a fear response to depth
This was also tested on babies using eye patches, there was no significant difference found, suggesting is was not result of binocular parallax

Question 19

Any significant support for both nature and nurture

Answer 19

Bower (1970) colour sensitivity test, was conducted by tracking the eyes and studying gaze time, newborns showed no preference for color and 3 month olds spent longer gazing at the colored object suggesting it was vibrate another to hold their attention

Question 20

What is Amblyopia?

Answer 20

It is a visual development disorder, individuals fail to ever achieve visual functioning

Question 21

What can we conclude from the nature nurture debate of visual development

Answer 21

Whilst some fundamental perceptual abilities are innate, visual experience is necessary to manufacture and develop perception further. More likely to be interwinded than opposing factors of visual development.