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Year 2 Ophthalmology > Visual Loss > Flashcards

Visual Loss Flashcards

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1
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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2
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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3
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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4
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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5
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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6
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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7
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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8
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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9
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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10
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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11
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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12
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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13
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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14
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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15
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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16
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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17
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

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18
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

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19
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

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20
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

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21
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

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22
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

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23
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

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24
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

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25
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
26
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
27
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
28
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
29
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
30
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
31
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
32
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
33
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
34
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
35
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
36
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
37
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
38
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
39
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
40
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
41
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
42
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
43
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
44
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
45
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
46
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
47
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
48
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
49
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
50
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
51
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
52
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
53
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
54
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
55
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
56
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
57
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
58
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
59
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
60
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
61
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
62
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
63
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
64
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
65
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
66
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
67
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
68
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
69
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
70
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
71
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
72
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
73
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
74
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
75
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
76
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
77
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
78
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
79
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
80
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
81
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
82
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
83
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
84
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
85
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
86
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
87
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
88
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
89
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
90
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
91
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
92
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
93
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
94
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
95
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
96
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
97
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
98
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
99
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
100
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
101
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
102
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
103
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
104
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
105
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
106
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
107
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
108
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
109
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
110
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
111
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
112
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
113
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
114
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
115
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
116
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
117
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
118
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
119
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
120
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
121
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
122
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
123
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
124
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
125
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
126
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
127
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
128
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
129
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
130
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
131
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
132
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
133
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
134
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
135
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
136
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
137
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
138
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
139
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
140
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
141
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
142
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
143
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
144
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
145
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
146
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
147
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
148
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
149
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
150
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
151
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
152
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
153
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
154
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
155
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
156
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
157
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
158
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
159
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
160
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
161
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
162
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
163
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
164
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
165
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
166
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
167
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
168
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
169
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
170
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
171
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
172
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
173
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
174
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
175
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
176
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
177
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
178
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
179
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
180
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
181
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
182
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
183
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
184
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
185
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
186
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
187
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
188
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
189
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
190
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
191
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
192
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
193
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
194
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
195
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
196
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
197
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
198
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
199
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
200
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
201
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
202
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
203
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
204
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
205
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
206
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
207
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
208
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
209
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
210
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
211
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
212
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
213
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
214
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
215
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
216
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
217
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
218
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
219
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
220
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
221
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
222
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
223
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
224
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
225
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
226
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
227
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
228
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
229
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
230
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
231
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
232
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
233
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
234
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
235
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
236
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
237
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
238
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
239
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
240
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
241
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
242
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
243
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
244
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
245
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
246
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
247
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
248
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
249
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
250
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
251
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
252
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
253
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
254
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
255
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
256
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
257
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
258
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
259
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
260
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
261
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
262
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
263
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
264
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
265
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
266
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
267
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
268
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
269
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
270
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
271
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
272
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
273
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
274
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
275
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
276
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
277
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
278
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
279
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
280
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
281
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
282
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
283
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
284
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
285
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
286
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
287
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
288
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
289
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
290
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
291
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
292
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
293
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
294
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
295
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
296
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
297
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
298
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
299
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
300
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
301
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
302
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
303
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
304
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
305
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
306
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
307
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
308
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
309
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
310
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
311
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
312
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
313
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
314
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
315
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
316
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
317
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
318
What is the pathology behind wet macular degeneration?
New vessel growth below the macular New vessels are prone to haemorrhage and leak Leads to scarring of the macular.
319
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
320
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
321
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
322
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
323
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
324
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
325
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
326
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
327
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
328
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
329
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
330
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
331
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
332
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
333
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
334
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
335
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
336
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
337
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
338
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
339
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
340
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
341
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
342
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
343
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
344
What is the pathology behind wet macular degeneration?
New vessel growth below the macular New vessels are prone to haemorrhage and leak Leads to scarring of the macular.
345
What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?
Pale oedematous retina Small thread like vessels Cherry red mark on the macula
346
How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
347
What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?
Carotid Artery Disease | Emboli from the heart (unusual)
348
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
349
How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?
Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss | "curtain going down"
350
What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?
No abnormal findings
351
What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?
Refer onto the stroke clinic
352
What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Endothelial Damage - Diabetes Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension Hyper coagulability - Cancer
353
How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.
354
In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Retinal haemorrhage Dilated tortuous veins Disc swelling Macular swelling
355
How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?
There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.
356
What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded | -infarction of the head of the optic nerve
357
How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?
Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.
358
In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?
Swollen optic disc | Normal vessels
359
Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?
Temporal Arteritis Headache Temporal Arteries distended Tender scalp
360
How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?
Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.
361
Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.
Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes Retinal Vein Occlusion Both increase production of VEGF
362
Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?
As they are poorly formed and often leaky.
363
Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.
Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.
364
How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?
Loss of vision Floaters Loss of red reflex Haemorrhage
365
How does someone with retinal detachment present?
``` Painless loss of vision Sudden onset of floaters and flashes May have a RAPD Curtain descending History of head injury ```
366
Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?
As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.
367
What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?
Increased age Smoking +ve family history Poor Nutrition
368
What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?
Wet is fast | Dry is gradual
369
How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?
Rapid central vision loss Distortion Haemorrhage Exudate
370
What is the pathology behind wet macular degeneration?
New vessel growth below the macular New vessels are prone to haemorrhage and leak Leads to scarring of the macular.

Year 2 Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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