Visual Perception

Question 1

Where are the cones and rods located?

Answer 1

They are visual receptor cells located in the retina

Question 2

What is a cone?

Answer 2

Responsible for colour and detail perception and is located in the fovea

Question 3

What is a rod?

Answer 3

Responsible for vision in dim light and is located in the periphery

Question 4

Where do the cones send their input?

Answer 4

To retinal ganglion cells

Question 5

What is reception?

Answer 5

The absorption of physical energy

Question 6

What is transduction?

Answer 6

Physical energy is converted into an electrochemical pattern in the neuron’s

Question 7

What is coding?

Answer 7

One to one correspondence between aspects of the physical stimulus and aspects of the resultant nervous system activity ?

Question 8

What are the 3 steps involved in from eye to cortex?

Answer 8

Reception to transduction to coding

Question 9

What is the parvocellular pathway?

Answer 9

It is sensitive to colour and fine detail and most input comes from cones

Question 10

What is the magnocelluar pathway?

Answer 10

Most sensitive to motion and most input comes from rods

Question 11

How are the visual fields and hemispheres connected?

Answer 11

LVF -> RH
RVF -> LH

Question 12

What are V1 & V2 responsible for?

Answer 12

Basic visual processing

Question 13

What are V3 & V3A responsible for?

Answer 13

Form perception (especially moving stimuli)

Question 14

What is V4 responsible for?

Answer 14

Colour perception and shape perception

Question 15

What is V5 responsible for?

Answer 15

Motion perception

Question 16

What is LOC responsible for?

Answer 16

Object perception

Question 17

What are OFA and FFA responsible for?

Answer 17

Face perception

Question 18

Given functional specialisation, how is visual information combined and integrated?

Answer 18

Binding visual features together

Question 19

What is the binding-by-synchrony hypothesis?

Answer 19

Neurons that code difference dimensions start to oscillate in synchrony. It is unclear how and why such synchrony might occur and precise synchrony is implausible.

Question 20

What is the ventral stream in the perception-action model?

Answer 20

‘What’ pathway, vision-for-perception, allocentric coding, sustained representation, usually conscious awareness and input from the fovea

Question 21

What is the dorsal stream in the perception action model?

Answer 21

‘Where’ pathway, vision for action, egocentric coding, short-lived representations, usually unconscious

Question 22

What is the Muller-Lyer illusion?

Answer 22

Both vertical lines are the same length however the arrows on the end are facing opposite directions.

Question 23

What was the findings from Bruno from the Muller-Lyer illusion?

Answer 23

When pointing (using vision for action system) illusion size wa 5.5% however when verbalising a response (vision for perception), the illusion size was 22.4%.

Question 24

What is the Ebbinghaus illusion?

Answer 24

Both centre circles are the same size but the one in the top figure looks larger than the one in the bottom.

Question 25

When is the illusion larger?

Answer 25

With the vision for perception system than vision for action system.

Question 26

Which stream does grasping objects require?

Answer 26

Requires both the ventral stream as well as the dorsal strea, when information from memory required to control grasping movements and conceptual knowledge needed to make most appropriate grapsing movement

Question 27

What are the two dorsal systems?

Answer 27

Dorso-dorsal system and Ventro-dorsal system

Question 28

What is the dorso-dorsal system?

Answer 28

Used to grasp objects rapidly

Question 29

What is the ventro-dorsal system?

Answer 29

It uses memorised object knowledge to use objects appropriately

Question 30

What is the intuitive approach?

Answer 30

Vision - perception - action

Question 31

What is hue?

Answer 31

The colour itself e.g. distinguished red from yellow

Question 32

What is brightness?

Answer 32

The perceived intensity of light.

Question 33

What is saturation?

Answer 33

Allows us to determine whether a colour is vivid or pale - influenced by the amount of white present

Question 34

What is colour constancy?

Answer 34

Perceived colour remains the same despite changes in the wavelengths in illuminant

Question 35

What is chromatic adaption?

Answer 35

Sensitivity to illuminate of any given colour decreases over time

Question 36

What is the retinex theory?

Answer 36

Observers compare light reflected from a surface against that reflected from adjacent surfaces

Question 37

What are the 6 monocular cues?

Answer 37

Linear perspective, texture, interposition, familiar size, blur and motion parallax

Question 38

What is linear perspective in relation to depth perception?

Answer 38

Based on laws of optics

Question 39

What is texture in relation to depth perception?

Answer 39

Objects slanting away have a texture gradient

Question 40

What is interposition in relation to depth perception?

Answer 40

Nearer objects hides part of a more distant one

Question 41

What is familiar size in relation to depth perception

Answer 41

The distance of familiar objects is easier to judge than that of unfamiliar ones

Question 42

What is motion parallax in relation to depth perception

Answer 42

Movement in one part of retinal image relative to another

Question 43

What is stereopsis (binocular cue)?

Answer 43

It enhances depth perception and allows us to see the environment three-dimensionally. It is based on slight difference or disparity between the two retinal images. It is very powerful at short distances only and individuals with amblyopia (lazy eye) have impaired stereoscopic depth perception.

Question 44

What is additivity?

Answer 44

Information from all cues is combined or integrated

Question 45

What is selection?

Answer 45

Information from a single cue is used, with information from the other cues being ignored

Question 46

What is perceived size proportional to?

Answer 46

Retinal size and perceived distance

Question 47

What does subliminal perception involve?

Answer 47

Subjective measure and object measure

Question 48

What is subjective measure?

Answer 48

Observers failure to report awareness of a stimulus

Question 49

What is objective measure?

Answer 49

Observers ability to make accurate forced-choice decisions about a stimulus