Vital Signs Flashcards by Gleya McDroppinCPH

Enumerate the five vital signs + the added one

temperature
pain
blood pressure
respiratory rate
pulse rate
oxygen saturation

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Other term for vital signs

Cardinal signs

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The indicators of the body’s physiology status and response to physical activity, environmental conditions, and emotional stressors

Vital signs

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Which of the following the a modifiable factor influencing VS?

(a) Age
(b) Hormonal Status
(c) Diet
(d) Family History

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What health complication is suggestive of digital clubbing?

(a) cachexia
(b) heart disease
(c) diaphoresis
(d) cyanosis

(b) heart disease

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Body temperature is higher than the environment’s temperature (warm-blooded)

Homoiothermic

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Body temperature changes with the environment (cold-blooded)

Poikilothermic

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Responds to increase in temperature that results to vasodilation

(a) Posterior Hypothalamus
(b) Anterior Hypothalamus

(b) Anterior Hypothalamus

Posterior Hypothalamus responds to a DECREASE in temp. (vasoconstriction)

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An increase in temperature that reaches to 41.1 deg C

Hyperthermia / Hyperpyrexia

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Drop of temperature

Hypothermia

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Other term for fever

Pyrexia

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Substances that cause fever

(a) pyrogens
(b) defervescences
(c) pyrexygens
(d) prodromalocins

(a) pyrogens

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Course of fever that is with nonspecific symptoms

(a) defervescence
(b) invasion/onset
(c) prodromal phase
(d) stationary

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Course of fever with termination/ resolution and sweating

(a) defervescence
(b) invasion/onset
(c) prodromal phase
(d) stationary

(a) defervescence

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Course of fever where chills, shivering, and paleness of skin is observed

(a) defervescence
(b) invation/onset
(c) prodromal phase
(d) stationary

(b) invasion/onset

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Course of fever with fastigium/stadium (warm skin, appear flushed)

(a) defervescence
(b) invation/onset
(c) prodromal phase
(d) stationary

(d) stationary

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Type of fever that is above (N) but fluctuates less than n 2◦C

Constant

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Type of fever that is interspersed (N), AKA recurrent

(a) constant
(b) relapsing
(c) remittent
(d) intermittent

(b) relapsing

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Type of fever that is alternating (N) and with periods of fever

Intermittent

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Type of fever that is above (N) but fluctuates more than 2◦C within 24hr period

(a) constant
(b) relapsing
(c) remittent
(d) intermittent

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At what temperature of hypothermia leads to a point of no return as Pt’s temp. continuously drops from there

29.4 ◦C

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What Sx is associated with hypothermia?

(a) decreased urinary output
(b) increased PR & RR
(c) nausea
(d) decreased cutaneous sensation

(d) decreased cutaneous sensation

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Under Hyperthermia wherein there is a buildup of acid due to kidney failure

(a) metabolic acidosis
(b) stupor
(c) coma
(d) lactic acidosis

(a) metabolic acidosis

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Under Hypothermia wherein lactic acid (produced when there is a decrease in O2) is built up in the bloodstream

Lactic acidosis

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True or False Menstrual cycle does not influence body temperature

False

If lying on ear, exposed to air for 2-3 mins, indicate which laterality (a) Ear thermometer (b) Glass thermometer (c) Oral electric thermometer (d) Rectal thermometer

(a) Ear thermometer face the wall kung namali mo to kinginamerlz

Type of thermometer with 30-90 sec duration

Oral Electric thermometer

Type of thermometer with 1:1 ratio and has 3-5 min duration

Glass thermometer / Mercurial thermometer

Temperature measurement sight with 37.5 deg C (a) Axillary (b) Oral (c) Rectal and Tympanic membrane

Formed by division of the trachea and subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

Primary Bronchi

True or False Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left

True

Smallest branches of the bronchi (a) terminal bronchioles (b) tertiary bronchi (c) bronchioles (d) alveoli

True or False Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli

True

Where gas exchange takes place (a) Alveolar duct (b) Alveolar sac (c) Alveolus (d) Alveoli

(d) Alveoli

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream (a) Pulmonary ventilation (b) External respiration (c) Internal respiration (d) Respiratory gas transport

(d) Respiratory gas transport

moving air in and out of the lungs (a) Pulmonary ventilation (b) External respiration (c) Internal respiration (d) Respiratory gas transport

(a) Pulmonary ventilation

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries (a) Pulmonary ventilation (b) External respiration (c) Internal respiration (d) Respiratory gas transport

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli (a) Pulmonary ventilation (b) External respiration (c) Internal respiration (d) Respiratory gas transport

(b) External respiration

Yes or No Process of breathing involves chemical and mechanical processes

No na no - completely mechanical as it depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity and the changes in pressure

Phase of pulmonary ventilation wherein air leaves the lung

Expiration

Flow of air into the lung as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

Inspiration

Passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity when muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs

Exhalation

True or False Normal pressure within the pleural space is always positive

False - always negative (intrapleural pressure)

True or False Differences in lung and pleural space pressures doesn't keep lungs from collapsing

False - it does!

Which of the following is a respiratory air movement example: (a) Laugh (b) Yawn (c) Coughing (d) Inhalation

(d) Inhalation - the rest are nonrespiratory and may be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

Normal breathing moves about _____ ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV]) (a) 1200 (b) 3200 (c) 300 (d) 500

(d) 500

After exhalation, about ____ ml of air remains in the lungs (a) 1200 (b) 3200 (c) 300 (d) 500

(a) 1200

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume (2100 - 3200 ml) (a) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (b) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (c) dead space volume (d) residual volume

(b) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled (approx. 1200 ml) (a) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (b) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (c) dead space volume (d) residual volume

(a) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Air remaining in lung after expiration (approx. 1200 ml) (a) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (b) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (c) dead space volume (d) residual volume

(d) residual volume

Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli (150 ml) (a) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (b) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (c) dead space volume (d) residual volume

The total amount of exchangeable air

Vital capacity (TV + IRV + ERV)

Refers to the increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen need (a) Eupnea (b) Hyperpnea (c) Phrenea (d) Internea

(b) Hyperpnea

Refers to the (N) respiratory rate (16-20 respirations per minute) (a) Eupnea (b) Hyperpnea (c) Phrenea (d) Internea

(a) Eupnea

True or False Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves

True

True or False Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla

True

Level of _____ in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration (a) O2 (b) N (c) H2O (d) CO2

(d) CO2

True or False Chemical factors influencing RR are O2 and CO2 levels

True

Parameters of Respiration that refers to the regularity of inspiration and expiration (regular/irregular AKA jom, KIMMY!) (a) sound (b) rhythm (c) rate (d) depth

(b) rhythm

Parameters of Respiration that refers to the amount of air exchange with each breath (shallow/deep) (a) sound (b) rhythm (c) rate (d) depth

(d) depth

Parameters of Respiration that refers to the number of breaths per minute (bradypnea/tachypnea) (a) sound (b) rhythm (c) rate (d) depth

Refers to the normal sound

Sound vesicular

Refers to the abnormal sound

Adventitious sound

Bubbling sounds owing to secretions (a) wheezing (b) stridor (c) crackles (d) sigh (e) stertor

Harsh high pitch crowing sound occurs with upper airway obstruction (glottis/trachea) (a) wheezing (b) stridor (c) crackles (d) sigh (e) stertor

(b) stridor

Snoring sound secondary to partial obstruction to upper airway (a) wheezing (b) stridor (c) crackles (d) sigh (e) stertor

(e) stertor

Deep inspiration followed by a prolonged expiration (a) wheezing (b) stridor (c) crackles (d) sigh (e) stertor

(d) sigh

Air passing through a narrowed airway (bronchi) (a) wheezing (b) stridor (c) crackles (d) sigh (e) stertor

(a) wheezing

______ Have 30 respirations per minute

Infants

Adults have __ - __ respirations per minute

12-18

__________ have 40-80 respirations per minute

Newborns

Four- chambered double pump connected in series that is located in the middle mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.

Heart - wall is made up of epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

(Left or Right) Heart relating to pulmonary circulation

Right Heart

(Left or Right) Heart relating to systemic circulation

Left Heart

Relatively thin-walled structures which have a fair amount of elasticity and distensibility

Atria

(Left or Right) Atrium receives blood from SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, anterior cardiac vein, and venae cordis minimae.

Left Atrium

(Left or Right) Atrium forms the base of the heart and receives the four pulmonary veins.

Right Atrium

Relatively thicker than the atrial wall.

Ventricles

(Left or Right) Ventricle that measures about 0.3 – 0.5 cm and ejects blood against 4 – 25 mmHg pressure of the pulmonary circulation

Right Ventricle

(Left or Right) Ventricle that measures about 0.3 – 0.5 cm and ejects blood against 4 – 25 mmHg pressure of the pulmonary circulation

Right Ventricle

(Left or Right) Ventricle that measures about 0.3 – 0.5 cm and ejects blood against 4 – 25 mmHg pressure of the pulmonary circulation

Right Ventricle

(Left or Right) Ventricle that measures about 1.2 – 1.5 cm and ejects blood against 70 – 130 mmHg pressure of the systemic circulation

Left Ventricle

(Left or Right) Ventricle that measures about 0.3 – 0.5 cm and ejects blood against 4 – 25 mmHg pressure of the pulmonary circulation

Right Ventricle

Cardiac valve found between the atria and the ventricles (a) semilunar valve (b) right atrioventricular (AV) valve (c) left atrioventricular (AV) valve (d) atrioventricular (AV) valve

(d) atrioventricular (AV) valve

Tricuspid valve/mitral (a) semilunar valve (b) right atrioventricular (AV) valve (c) left atrioventricular (AV) valve (d) atrioventricular (AV) valve

(b) right atrioventricular (AV) valve

Found at the root of the pulmonary artery and the root of the aorta. (a) semilunar valve (b) right atrioventricular (AV) valve (c) left atrioventricular (AV) valve (d) atrioventricular (AV) valve

(a) semilunar valve

Bicuspid valve (a) semilunar valve (b) right atrioventricular (AV) valve (c) left atrioventricular (AV) valve (d) atrioventricular (AV) valve

Refers to the contraction of the atria/ventricles

Systole

Refers to the relaxation of the atria/ventricles

Diastole

Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood

Ventricular systole

Events of one complete heart beat

Cardiac cycle

Atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low

Early diastole

Atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low

Early diastole

Blood flows into ventricles

Mid-to-late diastole

Law that states that the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Starling's law of the heart

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

Cardiac Output (CO) = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction which remains relatively constant

Stroke Volume

(Decreased or Increased HR) with: -Parasympathetic nervous system -High blood pressure or blood volume -Decreased venous return

Decreased HR

(Decreased or Increased HR) with: -Sympathetic nervous system ∙crisis ∙low blood pressure -Hormones ∙epinephrine ∙thyroxine -Exercise -Decreased blood volume

Increased HR

Wave of blood in the artery created by contraction of the L ventricle during cardiac cycle

Pulse

Which is not one of the parameters of pulse? (a) rhythm (b) depth (c) rate (d) volume

(b) depth

What is the (N) PR?

60-100 bpm

Parameter of pulse that is the number of pulsation per minute (Bradycardia/Tachycardia)

Rate

Parameter of pulse that refers to the amount of force created by the ejected blood against the arterial wall during each ventricular contraction and can be examine of how pulse can be obliterated (grading)

Volume (quality or amplitude)

Parameter of pulse that refers to the pattern of pulsation and the intervals between them (regular/irregular)

Rhythm

Which is not a cause of large, bounding pulses (a) atherosclerosis (b) inc SV, dec PR, fever, anemia, Hyperthyroidism, Aortic regurgitation (c) Inc SV due to slow HR (d) decreased stroke volume, Hypovolemia, severe aortic stenosis, increased peripheral resistance, exposure to cold

(d) decreased stroke volume, Hypovolemia, severe aortic stenosis, increased peripheral resistance, exposure to cold - cause of small, weak pulses

Causes pure aortic regurgitation , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Bisferiens Pulse

Centrally located pulse site

Apical pulse

Deficit in the number of radial pulse when compared to apical pulse and provides imp info about cardiovascular system’s to perfuse the body

Pulse deficit

PR of newborns

120-160 bpm

(N) PR of 12 yr olds - adult

60-100 bpm

PR of an adult athlete

40-70 bpm

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries and the pressure measured at a person's upper arm

Blood Pressure (BP)

(True or False) Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases

True

(Systolic or Diastolic) Pressure when ventricles relax

Diastolic

(Systolic or Diastolic) Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

Systolic

(True or False) Pressure is lowest when the heart ventricle contracts (systole) and lowest when the ventricle relaxes (diastole)

False Pressure is GREATEST when the heart ventricle contracts (systole) and lowest when the ventricle relaxes (diastole)

BP of young healthy adult

around 120/80 mm Hg 120 = systolic pressure 80 = diastolic

(True or False) BP is measured in millimeters of mercury

True (mm Hg)

Under BP regulation: - Baroreceptors (stretch in ICA, aorta) - Chemoreceptors (dec O2, inc CO2 and H-) (carotid and aortic bodies) (a) response (b) receptors (c) center (d) stimulus

(b) receptors

Under BP regulation: Vasomotor center (Lower pons, upper medulla) (a) response (b) receptors (c) center (d) stimulus

Under BP regulation: stretch on the arteries, chemicals (a) response (b) receptors (c) center (d) stimulus

(d) stimulus

Under BP regulation: inc or dec BP (a) response (b) receptors (c) center (d) stimulus

(a) response

Abnormally low blood pressure with Systolic BP less than 90 mmHg and diastolic less than 60 mmHg Sx: * Dehydration * Sepsis * Hemorrhage * Toxins * Hormonal abnormalities * Eating disorders

Hypotension

(Primary or Secondary Hypertension) - Renal retention of excess sodium (Na+) - Increased peripheral vascular resistance - Alteration in the renin-angiotensin system

Primary Hypertension

It is the greatest pressure that cardiac systole causes in the brachial artery. It is approximately equal to the pressure that the blood exerts against the wall of the artery from the inside

Systolic Blood Pressure (N) for adult = <120 mm Hg

A condition in which systolic pressure is above 140 mm Hg

Hypertension

The sever drop in systolic pressure

Shock

Series of sound heard through the stethoscope when measuring BP

Korotkoff's sound - having five phases Phase I = Systolic BP (SBP) Phase V = DBP

(Normal or Abnormal) Diastolic pressure increases more than 10 to 15mmHG during exercise

Abnormal

Is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences that include time, space, intensity, emotion, cognition, and motivation

Pain

Evaluative system overlies the individuals learned behaviour concerning the experience of pain. It may block, modulate, or enhance the perception of pain (a) Sensory (b) Motivational (c) Cognitive

Discriminative system processes information about the strength, intensity, quality and temporal and spatial aspects of pain (a) Sensory (b) Motivational (c) Cognitive

(a) Sensory

Affective system determines the individual's approach-avoidance behaviours (a) Sensory (b) Motivational (c) Cognitive

(b) Motivational

Duration of time or the intensity of pain that an individual will endure before initiation overt pain responses.

Pain tolerance

Chemicals released at the site of the injury

Algogenic substances

Pain that is perceived as if it were coming from somewhere else in the body

Referred pain

Afferent neurons that carry pain messages

Nociceptors

Pain with cause (usually known) localized in the body tissue -nociceptive pain -neuropathic pain

Somatogenic pain

Pain for which there is no known physical cause but processing of sensitive information in CNS is disturbed

Psychogenic pain

Is a protective mechanism that alerts the individual to a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the body

Acute pain is: - less than 6 weeks - incidence common - well defined - reasonably easy to assess - known cause/treatable - focused on the pain - pain is a "symptom"

Often unable to define cause and is the exact opposite of acute pain as it sees pain as a "disease"

Chronic pain

Assessment of pain that uses pictures

Visual Analogue Scale

Assessment of pain divided into three parts

McGill pain questionnaire

Structure affected with throbbing and diffuse type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

(f) blood vessel

Structure affected with deep, nagging, dull, and boring type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

(d) bone

Structure affected with burning, pressure-like, and stinging aching type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

(e) sympathetic nerve

Structure affected with cramping, dull, and aching type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

(a) muscle

Structure affected with dull and aching type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

Structure affected with sharp and shooting type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

(g) nerve root

Structure affected with sharp, bright, and lightning-like type of pain: (a) muscle (b) nerve (c) ligament, joint capsule (d) bone (e) sympathetic nerve (f) blood vessel (g) nerve root

(b) nerve

Vital Signs Flashcards

(151 cards)