Vital signs

Question 1

Newborn

Answer 1

70/40
HR 140
RR 40-60

Hypotension is systolic under 60, and bradycardia is HR under 100

Question 2

1 Year old

Answer 2

95/60
HR 120
RR 40

Question 3

3 years old

Answer 3

100/65
HR 100
RR 30

Question 4

12 years old

Answer 4

110/70
HR 80
RR 20

Question 5

Pediatric airway

Answer 5

U or omega-shaped epiglottis that is longer and stiffer than adults

Glottis C3-4 (Adult C5-6)

The glottis is more superior/cephalad.

Subglottic is funnel-shaped (adult is cylinder)

Larger tongue

Narrowest part of airway in peds is cricoid ring, and in adults it is the glottis

Intubate peds with a shoulder roll, NOT in sniffing position like you do for adults

Question 6

Oxygen consumption in an adult is ____ and in an infant it is _____

Answer 6

3 ml/kg/min adult
6 ml/kg/min neonate

Question 7

What is the neonate AND adults amount of dead space?

Answer 7

2ml/kg

Question 8

Neonates have a smaller ____, _____, and _____

Answer 8

FRC, VC, TLC

Question 9

Neonates have a larger ____, _____

Answer 9

residual volume, closing capacity

Question 10

Neonates have ____ lung compliance and ___ chest wall compliance, which favors ______ during inspiration

Answer 10

lower lung compliance (fewer alveoli), higher, chest wall collapse (paradoxical breathing)

Question 11

The umbilical ____ supplies oxygen to the fetus

Answer 11

vein

Question 12

The umbilical ____ returns higher co2 and lower po2 back to the placenta

Answer 12

artery

Question 13

Clamping of the ______ stimulates the newborn to breath rhythmically

Answer 13

umbilical cord (

Question 14

Respiratory control doesn’t mature until_______ post-conceptual age. Before maturation, hypoxemia ____ ventilation. After maturation, hypoxemia ___ ventilation.

Answer 14

42-44 weeks.

Before maturation, hypoxemia depresses ventilation. After maturation, hypoxemia stimulates ventilation.

Question 15

p50 of fetal hemoglobin (the po2 where hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen)

Answer 15

19

Question 16

Neonates are obligate ____ losers in the first few days of life.

Answer 16

sodium loser

Question 17

GFR matches adult levels by ______ months

Answer 17

8-24 months

Reaches full concentrating ability by 2 years

Question 18

neonates lose most of their water through ___

Answer 18

evaporation

Question 19

Fluid calculation 4-2-1 rule

Answer 19

0-10 kg: 4ml/kg/hr
10-20 kg: add 2ml/kg to previous total
over 20 kg: add 1ml/kg

or, if over 20kg, just do weight in kg + 40

Question 20

Replace blood loss with fluids

Answer 20

Crystalloid 3:1
colloid 1:1
blood 1:1

Question 21

What types of fluids are best?

Answer 21

0.9% NS, LR, plasmalyte, albumin

Question 22

Signs of hypoglycemia appear around a glucose level less than ___

Answer 22

40

Question 23

MAC for neonates is ____ than adults

Answer 23

Higher! Peaks at 2-3 months

Question 24

Neonates need a higher dose of succs, which is typically ___ mg/kg

Answer 24

2mg/kg