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Vital Signs Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

How is Blood Pressure Measured?

A

measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

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2
Q

What is Systolic Blood Pressure?

A

The maximum amount of pressure exerted when the heart contracts and forces blood into the aorta (top number)

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3
Q

What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?

A

The minimum amount of pressure exerted when the heart is relaxed (bottom number)

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4
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

CO is the amount of blood pumped into the circulatory system by the heart within one minute

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5
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

SV is the amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during one heart condition

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6
Q

What is Blood Viscosity?

A

Refers to the thickness of the blood

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7
Q

What is Peripheral Vascular Resistance?

A

The resistance of flow of blood in the vascular bed.
The ability of the vessels to accommodate increased blood flow without also increasing resistance or blood pressure

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8
Q

What is Contractility?

A

the heart’s ability to contract effectively, measured in the left ventricle via echocardiogram

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9
Q

What is Preload?

A

The amount of blood inside the ventricles before they contract

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10
Q

What occurs when the Preload is decrease?

A

if the preload is decrease, both the stroke volume and blood pressure decreases

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11
Q

What is Viscosity?

A

the resistance of a liquid to flow

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12
Q

What is Contractility?

A

The force required to eject blood from the left ventricle

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13
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

Instrument used to measure arterial blood pressure

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14
Q

What are Korotkoff Sounds?

A

a series of sounds crated by movement of blood through a partially compressed vessel during a manual blood pressure assessment

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15
Q

What is hypertension

A

a blood pressure that is above the expected reference range

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16
Q

What is hypotension

A

a blood pressure that is below the expected reference range

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17
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension

A

a decrease in blood pressure that occurs upon standing, especially from a lying or sitting position
A significant drop in the blood pressure caused by a change in position

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18
Q

What are Intrinsic Risk Factors?

A

Non modifiable rick factors
Examples: age, hormones, ethnicity, genetics

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19
Q

What are Extrinsic Risk Factors?

A

modifiable risk factors
Examples: smoking, exercise, caffeine intake, sodium intake

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20
Q

What is Pulse?

A

rhythmic throbbing or beating caused by the expansion and contraction of the arteries in response to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle

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21
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

heart rate above the expected reference range pulse greater than 100/min
Caused by exercise, anxiety, and certain medications

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22
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

a heart rate that is less than the expected reference range pulse less than 60/min
Caused by congenital cardiac abnormalities, heart failure, heart muscle damage, hypothyroidism

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23
Q

What are the Average Pulses per Age group?

A

Newborn (full term; birth to 28 days) 110 to 160/min
Infant (1 month to 1 year) 90 to 160/min
Toddler (1 to 3 years) 80 to 140/min
Preschooler (3 to 6 years) 70 to 120/min
School-age (6 to 12 years) 60 to 110/min
Adolescent (12 to 20 years) 50 to 100/min
Adult (20 years and older) 60 to 100/min

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24
Q

What is Apical Pulse?

A

The heart rate that is heard or felt at the apex of the heart, which is located medially to the midclavicular line at the fifth intercostal space.

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25
How do you locate apical Pulse?
In adults, adolescents, and children older than 7 years of age, the apical pulse is located at the fifth intercostal space on the left side of the client’s chest at the midclavicular line. In children younger than 7 years, the apex of the heart is located at the fourth intercostal space to the left of the sternum.
26
What is Temporal Pulse?
Beating or throbbing palpated over the temporal artery located on the temple.
27
What is Brachial Pulse?
Beating or throbbing felt over the brachial artery, usually palpated in the antecubital space; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
28
What is Radial Pulse?
Beating of throbbing felt over the radial artery, usually palpated over the groove along the thumb side of the inner wrist. Most commonly used to palpate the pulse rate.
29
What is Femoral Pulse?
Beating or throbbing palpated over the femoral artery, located in the groin on either side of the genitals; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
30
What is Popliteal Pulse?
Beating of throbbing palpated over the popliteal artery located behind the knee; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
31
What is Dorsalis Pedis Pulse?
Beating or throbbing palpated or heard with a doppler over the dorsalis pedis artery located on the dorsal side of the foot; it is used to assess quality of perfusion.
32
What is Posterior Tibial Pulse?
Beating or throbbing palpated or heard with a doppler over the posterior tibial artery, located on the medial side of the ankle; it is used to assess the quality of perfusion.
33
What is pulse deficiency?
A difference between the apical and radial pulse rates. This difference indicates a decrease in ventricular contraction or peripheral perfusion. Example: Nurse 1 auscultates the apical pulse to be 100/min. Nurse 2 palpates the radial pulse to be 90/min. Therefore, the pulse deficit is 100 – 90 = 10/min.
34
What is Doppler ultrasound stethoscope (DUS)?
A stethoscope fitted with an audio unit and a transducer that amplifies the vascular or other sounds of the body
35
What is the normal Body Temperature?
Body temperature generally falls within a fairly narrow expected reference range, 36° C to 38° C (96.8° F to 100.4° F). For most clients, an average temperature is 37° C (98.6° F), with a slightly lower average expected in older adults​​​​​​​.
36
What is thermoregulation?
The body’s natural mechanism for balancing body temperature
37
What is Hyperthermia?
An uncontrolled elevation in body temperature where the body cannot lose heat as fast as it is gained, usually caused by environmental or metabolic factors. It is distinguished from a fever in that the hypothalamic set point is unchanged with hyperthermia.
38
What is Hypothermia?
Condition in which the body temperature is abnormally low due to the body losing heat faster than it is produced.
39
What are the different types of forms to obtain temperature?
oral tympanic membrane temporal artery axillary rectal
40
What is oral temperature?
Body temperature obtained sublingually Advantages: Easily accessible despite client position|| Accurately measures body surface temperature Limitations: Risk of exposure to body fluids || Inaccurate if the client ate, drank, or smoked in the previous 30 minutes || Unusable site for newborns, infants, and young children due to safety concerns (e.g., inability to follow directions or sit still)
41
What is tympanic temperature?
Body temperature obtained via the tympanic membrane (eardrum) Advantages: Easily accessible || Rapid result, available in less than 5 seconds || Accurately measures core body temperature ||Result is not altered by the environmental temperature Limitations: Measurement is inaccurate in clients who have cerumen or ear infection || Difficult to obtain accurate result in newborns, infants, and children younger than 3 years due to angle of the eustachian tube || Requires removal of hearing aids
42
What is temporal temperature?
Body temperature obtained via a temporal artery scan thermometer. Advantages: Easily accessible despite client position || Rapid result || No risk of injury || Accurate for all age groups || Reflects rapid changes in the body’s core temperature Limitations: Reading is affected by moisture on the skin, such as sweat || Inaccurate reading if the client has a head covering or hair on the forehead
43
What is axillary temperature?
Body temperature obtained in the axilla with arm held to side of body. Advantages: Accurate for all age groups || No risk of injury Limitations: Takes more time to obtain a reading than with other methods || Temperature does not reflect rapid changes in core temperature || Result may be altered by the environmental temperature
44
What is rectal temperature?
Body temperature obtained via the rectum, or anus. Advantages: Reliable result Limitations: Risk for injury to rectal mucosa || Result can be altered due to the presence of stool || Generally unpleasant for clients || Should not be used for clients who have diarrhea, hemorrhoids, rectal surgery, or coagulation disorders
45
What is a tympanic thermometer?
A thermometer that uses infrared scanning of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to determine body temperature.
46
What is a temporal thermometer?
A thermometer that uses infrared scanning of the temporal artery to determine body temperature.
47
What is sublingually?
Route of medication administration in which a medication is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve.
48
What is Respiration?
the act of breathing, consists of two phases: inspiration and expiration
49
What is eupnea?
Respiratory rate and rhythm that are within the expected reference range.
50
What is the eupnea for each age group?
Newborn (full term; birth to 28 days) 30 to 60/min Infant (1 month to 1 year) 25 to 60/min Toddler (1 to 3 years) 25 to 30/min Preschooler (3 to 6 years) 20 to 25/min School-age (6 to 12 years) 20 to 25/min Adolescent (12 to 20 years) 16 to 20/min Adult (20 years and older) 12 to 20/min
51
What is Tachypnea?
Respiratory rate greater than expected range.
52
What is Bradypnea?
Respiratory rate less than expected range.
53
What is apnea?
Absence of spontaneous respirations.
54
What are the two common aberrations in respiratory rhythm?
Cheyne-Stokes respirations and Kussmaul respirations
55
What is Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Breathing pattern of cycles that begin with rapid, shallow breaths, increase to deep breaths, ending with periods of apnea.
56
What are Kussmaul respirations?
Deep, rapid respirations.
57
What is oxygen saturation?
The percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen
58
What is pulse oximeter?
A noninvasive device used to measure oxygen saturation
59
What is dyspnea?
The sensation of difficult or labored breathing
60
What is Hypoxia?
Below normal level of oxygen in body tissue

Vital Signs (1 decks)

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