Vital Signs Part1

Question 1

Define the pulse

Answer 1

It is a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

Question 2

What the pulse represents?

Answer 2

The amount of blood that enters the arteries with each ventricular contraction

Question 3

Types of pulse

Answer 3

1- peripheral pulse
Located away from the heart
2- apical pulse
Point of maximal impulse, located at the apex of the heart

Question 4

Factors affecting the pulse?

Answer 4

1 age
2 exercise 
3 stress
4 position changes 
5 Fever 
6 medication 
7 gender
8 hypovolemia 
9 pathology

Question 5

Pulse sites?

Answer 5

• apical
• radial artery
• brachial artery
• temporal artery
• carotid artery
• femoral artery

Question 6

How do we asses the pulse?

Answer 6

By palpation or auscultation

Question 7

What do we assess in assessing the pulse?

Answer 7

Rate
Rhythm
Volume
Elasticity

Question 8

What is the average range in assessing the pulse?

Answer 8

60/100

Question 9

What is the difference between tachycardia and bradycardia

Answer 9

Tachycardia : fast heart rate >100

Bradycardia : lower heart rate <60

Question 10

Define pulse rhythm ?

Answer 10

Pattern of beats and intervals between beats

Question 11

Define pulse deficit

Answer 11

The difference between apical and radial pulses

Question 12

What heart sound made by?

Answer 12

• Closure of heart valves

- Acceleration and deceleration or vibration of valves due to blood flow in the cardiac chambers

Question 13

Where we can hear the heart sound?

Answer 13

• pulmonary valves
• aortic valves
• tricuspid valves
• bicuspid valves

Question 14

Why s2 duration is shorter than s1 duration?

Answer 14

Bc semilunar valves are more tight than a-v valves so they vibrate for a shorter time than the av valves

Question 15

What are the duration of s1 and s2

Answer 15

S1 = 0.14 sec
S2 = 0.11 sec

Question 16

First heart sound S1 produced by?

Answer 16

The closure of AV -atrioventricular-valves ( tricuspid and bicuspid valves)
• occurs at the beginning of systole
• sound like Lub
• duration 0.14 sec

Question 17

Second heart sound S2 produced by?

Answer 17

Vibration associated with the closure of semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)
•at the end of ventricular systole
• sound sharp and loud like Dub
• duration 0.11 sec

Question 18

When the pulse deficit occurs?

Answer 18

When there is a difference between apical and radial pulses

Question 19

What is the difference between external respiration and internal respiration?

Answer 19

• External respiration: the continuous process of drawing in O2 and expelling CO2
• internal respiration: the interchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary blood

Question 20

List factors that regulate respiration

Answer 20

1- the respiration center in the medulla oblongata :
• send nerve impulses to cause contraction of the chest muscle

2- the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system
• sensory impulses travel to the respiration center thro vagus nerve from lungs and larynx

3- chemical composition of blood
• if the blood contain CO2 more than O2 the respiration will be weak and slow in rate

Question 21

Factors affect respiration

Answer 21

• exercise
• medications
• environmental temperature
• stress

Question 22

What do we assess in assessing respiration?

Answer 22

• rate
• depth
• rhythm

Question 23

Conditions of respiration rate

Answer 23

1- eupnea : normal rate and depth
2- tachypnea : fast respiration
3- bradypnea : slow respiration
4- apnea : absence in breathing

Question 24

Conditions of depth respiration

Answer 24

1/ deep respiration: large volume of air is inhaled and exhaled
2/ shallow: exchange of small amounts of air
3/ normal: takes 500ML of air

Question 25

Abnormal sounds of respiration

Answer 25

``` 1/ wheezing •heard on expiration • due to constricted airways 2/ stridor • heard on inspiration • due to acute construction of the trachea 3/ rales Crackling sounds in patient with lung disease ```