Vitamin Lecture 1 Flashcards
What was believed to be the four required nutritional components in the late 19th century
Fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals
what were the previous observations that challenged the belief that there were only four nutritional components
Number of diseases not caused by infections or deficiencies in one of the four groups
During the siege of paris in 1870, many infants and toddlers died when the city was cut off from outside milk, and synthetic milk did not work
When young mice were fed milk-bread they grew but when the dough was extracted to removed non-polar molecules the mice died
Young rats fed the four groups did not grow well, when milk was added, they grew
Who is the father of the vitamin
Casimir Funk: he isolated vitamins B1 and B3, and developed formulas for vitamin A and D
Proposed the name vitamine based on their life-supporting role
What were the limitations of Casimir Funk’s research
Thought all vitamins were amines
Proposed that a vitamin worked with a single mode of action
Why did beriberi skyrocket
Disease
Rice was stripped off the outer layer in the mid 1800s
and then beriberi skyrocketed until someone found that the outer layer contained vitamin B1
What are vitamins? Functions? required characteristic?
Structurally diverse group
13 organic small molecules that play essential role in cellular metabolism and health maintenance
Most common function is coenzymes/cofactors, but also include regulators of transcription and antioxidant roles
required characteristic is that is required in the diet and cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities
How are vitamins classified
Characterized based on the chemical property of solubility in either water or fat
What are the water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
Water-soluble: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C
Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K
Alternate name for vitamin B7 (biotin)
Vitamin H
What happened to vitamin B4, B8, B10, B11
Did not fit the definition of a vitamin
Can make all of them
B10 made by bacteria in our gut
T/F vitamins are structurally diverse
True
What are the most common sources of vitamins
Fruits and vegetables except for B12
Vegetarians often get what deficiency?
B12 deficiency
Which diseases are caused by deficiencies: A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C, D, E, K
- A – night blindness; hyperkeratosis
- B1 – Beriberi (peripheral nerve damage)
- B2 – lesions at corner of mouth, lips, tongue;
dermatitis - B3 – Pellagra (depressive psychosis; dermatitis)
- B5 - “burning foot syndrome” (peripheral nerve damage)
- B6 – disorders of amino acid metabolism; convulsions
- B7 - dermatitis
- B9 – Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia
- B12 – megaloblastic anemia with degeneration of spinal cord
- C – scurvy
- D – rickets (poor mineralization), osteomalacia (demineralization)
- E – deficiency very rare; neurological dysfunction
- K – impaired blood clotting
What is the biological availability of vitamins determined by
The extent of digestion, absorption of the digested material, and the metabolism of the nutrient which are all subject to specific factors
