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Vitamins Flashcards

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0
Q

Folic acid supplementation

A

0.4 mg/day or 400 micrograms/ day

During time of conception

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1
Q

MCV of micro and macrocytic anemias

A

Normal MCV: 80-100

If less than 80, micro
If more than 100, macro

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2
Q

Cobalamin

A

Aka vitamin B12

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3
Q

When will the CNS effects of Vit b12 deficiency resolve?

A

The CNS effects are irreversible

High dose oral Vit B12 or IM cyanocobalamin given for life

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4
Q

Active form of vitamin c

A

Ascorbate acid

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5
Q

Main function of ascorbate

A

Reducing agent

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6
Q

Vit B12 is required for what 2 essential enzymatic reactions

A
  1. Synthesis of methionine

2. Isomerization reactions (methylmalonyl CoA –> succ CoA)

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7
Q

Diagnosis of pernicious anemia

A

Schilling test

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8
Q

Parasite than can cause megaloblastic anemia

A

D. Latum

Ingestion of undercooked/ uncooked fish

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9
Q

Spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, anemia

A

Scurvy

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10
Q

Functions of Vitamin c

A

Maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing, absorption of dietary iron

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11
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin E
B- Carotene

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12
Q

Biologically active Vit B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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13
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate used as coenzyme for:

A 
AA transamination
Glycogen phosphorylase 
Cystathione synthase 
ALA Synthase 
Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
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14
Q

How does INH cause Vit B6 deficiency

A

By forming an inactive derivative with pyridoxal phosphate

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15
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity

A

More than 2 g/day

Presents with gait problems, seizures

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16
Q

Biologically active form of Vit B1

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

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17
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Beri-beri

Wernicke-Korsakoff

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18
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

Weird ACO
Ataxia - leg tremor
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia - nystagmus, problem with EOMs, double vision, eyelid dropping

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19
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

Korny si CHA

Confabulation - making up stories because one doesn’t remember
Hallucinations
Amnesia - anterograde

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20
Q

Thiamine used as cofactor for

A

Pryruvate
Alpha ketoglutarate
Branched chain AA dehydrogenase
Transketolase reactions in HMP shunt

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21
Q

Pellagra

A

Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea
Death

Niacin deficiency (B3)

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22
Q

Effect of niacin on fat

A

In adipose, strongly inhibits lipolysis
In liver, decreases triacylglycerol synthesis

Increases HDL levels
Lowers TAG, LDL, VLDL

ADR: flushing, hyperuricemia
Drugs that cause flushing: VANC
Vancomycin, adenosine, niacin, CCBs

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23
Q

Niacin can be derived from what AA

A

Tryptophan

Requires Vit b6

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24
Hartnup disease
Decreased tryptophan absorption
25
Active forms of niacin
NAD+ | NADP+
26
Active forms of vitamin B2
FMN - flavin mononucleotide FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide Both can accept two hydrogen atoms each
27
Dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, corneal vascularization, stomatitis
Vit b2 deficiency Glossitis - tongue appearing smooth and purplish Cheilosis - fissuring at corners of the mouth Stomatitis - inflammation of oral mucosa
28
Biotin is a coenzyme for?
Carboxylation reactions
29
What food can induce symptoms of biotin deficiency
Raw egg white Contains AVIDIN which tightly binds biotin, preventing its absorption from the intestines
31
Vitamin that is a component of fatty acid synthase
Vitamin b5
32
Essential functions of vitamin A
Vision Reproduction Growth Maintenance of epithelial tissue
33
What form of vitamin A mediates vision
Retinal Other reactions are mediated by retinoic acid
34
Physiology: What substance directly stimulates rods?
Metarhodopsin II
35
Where is vitamin A stored?
Liver. Ito cells
36
Earliest sign of Vitamin A deficiency
Nyctalopia
37
Severe vitamin A deficiency leads to?
Xerophthalmia
38
Xerophthalmia
Pathologic dryness of conjunctiva and cornea May lead to corneal ulceration and blindness (formation of opaque scar tissue)
39
Form of vitamin A used in treatment of dermatologic problems
Retinoic acid Tretinoin (all trans retinoic acid) --> treatment also for APML Isotretinoin (oral)
40
Teratogenic effect of vitamin a
Craniofacial anomalies
41
Ergocalciferol
Vitamin D2 - found in plants
42
Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3 - found in animals
43
Major storage form of vitamin D
25--OH D3 (after first hydrolyation in the liver) Also the most predominant form in plasma
44
Most potent vitamin D metabolite
1,25-di-OH D3
45
Overall function of 1,25-diOH D3
To maintain plasma levels of calcium
46
What secretes PTH
Chief cells of parathyroid gland
47
What secretes calcitonin
Para follicular/ C cells of thyroid gland
48
Continued formation of collagen matrix of bone but incomplete mineralization, resulting in soft pliable bones
Rickets
49
Demineralization of preexisting bone, increasing susceptibility to fractures
Osteomalacia
50
Most toxic vitamin
Vitamin D
51
Principal role of vitamin K
Post-translational modification of various blood clotting factors
52
Why do we give vitamin K to newborns
They have sterile bacteria and cannot initially synthesize vitamin K
53
Vitamin K dependent factors
1972 | Protein c, s
54
After how many hours does warfarin have anti-coagulative effects
Within first 48-72 hrs, predominant effect is inhibition of protein C and S (promotes coagulation) --> necrosis After 72 hrs, starts to exert anti-coag effect Therefore, make sure to overlap with heparin in the first 3 days
55
Most active vitamin E
Alpha tocopherol
56
Primary function of vitamin e
Antioxidant
57
Least toxic of fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin E
58
Active form of folic acid
Tetrahydrofolate
59
What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency on calcitonin
Low vitamin D deceases secretion of calcitonin
60
Does vitamin K increase or decrease coagulation time?
Vitamin K decreases coagulation time
61
Earliest manifestation of megaloblastic anemia
Hyper segmentation of neutrophils (more than 5) Normal: 3-5
91
Vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A
Pantothenic acid (Vit B5)

Biochem (11 decks)

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