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NUT2001 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Forms of Vitamin k

A

K1 - Phylloquinone (plants)

K2 - Menaquinone (bacteria)

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2
Q

Vitamin K Absorption

A

80% of K1 is absorbed
Proximal intestine
Fat soluble so enter chylomicron
Travels to Liver

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3
Q

How vitamin K travel to liver

A 
50% in triglyceride
25% in LDL
25% in HDL
Effectiveness depends on ApoE gene
E2 best and E4 the worst
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4
Q

Vitamin K function

A

Blood coagulation

Bone protein

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5
Q

Vitamin K make Gla

A

Co-factor for carboxylase enzyme for carboxylation of pro-thrombin
Glu -> Gla

Warfarin interrupts vit K cycle and no Gla made
Leading to uncarboxylated proteins in blood

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6
Q

Vitamin K and blood coagulation

A 
Factor II (prothrombin) synthesised in liver containing Gla protein
So no blood clot
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7
Q

Vitamin K and Bone Protein

A

Osteoblasts produce ostocalcin which need Gla
Matric also has Gla
Protein S

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8
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Increased clotting time
Circulatin uncarboxylate prothrombin
Decreased bone density

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9
Q

Vitamin A forms

A

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid

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10
Q

1 retinol activity

A

1mg pre-formed vtiamin A

2mg beta-carotene

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11
Q

Digestion Vitamin A

A

Reinyl esters hydrolysed in duodenum via pancreatic lipase

Enter cell through SR-B1 and CD36 transporter

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12
Q

Absorption Vitamin A

A

Incorporated into micelles
Retinol is re-esterified to retinyl ester (sometimes turn to trans form which is useless)
Enter target cell by facilitated diffusion by SR-B1

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13
Q

Cleaving beta-caretone

A

BCO1 - Cleaves 5-15’ creating two retinol
BCO2 - cleaves 9-10’ creating one
(we have evolved to have BCO2 as eat meat)

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14
Q

Deficiency vitamin A

A

Pupils cannot constrict mormally so night blindness
Impaired maintanence of epithelial tissues
Impaired neutrophils and macrophages
Decreased natural killer cells
Decreased T-helper cell

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15
Q

B vitamin overview

A

Water soluble vitamins with different structures but similar function. Participate in all metabolic pathways.

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16
Q

B1

A

Thiamine
Grains
Meat

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17
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin
Grains
Dairy

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18
Q

B3

A

Niacin
Grains
Meat

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19
Q

B5

A

Pantothenic acid
Eggs
Liver

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20
Q

B6

A

Pyridoxal

Meat

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21
Q

B7

A

Biotin
Egg
Liver
Salmon

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22
Q

B9

A

Folate
Grains
Fruit and veg

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23
Q

B12

24
Q

Thiamine Absorption

Study These Flashcards
A

Duodenum and jejunum
Active transport or passive if high concn
Binds to albumin in blood
Absorbed in target cell via active transport
Phosphorylated to make TPP

25
Thiamine Coenzymes
Known as TPP Catobolise leucine, isoleucine and valine Involved in link reaction Make branch amino acids Krebs cycle - Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Pentose pathway
26
Thiamine Deficiency
Beri Beri wet and dry
27
Riboflavin digestion
Protease converts Riboflavin to B2 Absorbed by active transport in duodenum and jejunum Magnesium and high dose of B2 decrease Enters circulation as free B2 Binds to Fibrinogen and albumin in blood Uptake into target cell via active transport
28
Riboflavin function
``` Co-enzyme flavin adenine diucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Electron carrier TCA Beta oxdation link reaction gluthione reductase ```
29
Riboflavin deficiency
Cracks around mouth, inflammation of lips and tongue, anaemia. Is rare as body can conserve
30
Niacin Absorption
Hydrolysed to free nicotinic acid Absorbed in stomach and duodenum by facilitated diffusion (Na dependent) High leucine and low tryptophan and niacin inhibit absorption Transport in blood free Cellular uptake via facillitated diffusion
31
Niacin function
``` NAD+ and NADP+ Glycolysis TCA beta oxidation link reaction Malonyl pathway ```
32
Niacin Deficiency
``` Pellagra cracking skin Hyperkeratosis Hyperpigmentation Dermatitis DIarrhoea Delirium ```
33
Niacin toxicity
Dilation of blood vessels | Liver damage
34
Pantothenic acid digestion
CoA and ACP degraded in intestine Yield pantothenic acid Absorbed via facilitated diffusion at low concentration Cellular uptake mediated by SMVT and converted to CoA and ACP
35
Pantothenic acid function
CoA Beta oxidation fat synthesis Link reaction
36
Pantothenic acid deficiency
Burning foot Abdominal pain and nausea Cramps Alopecia
37
Pyridoxine Absorption
Dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphate in mucosa Absorbed passively Binds to albumin in plasma Stored in muscle, liver, brain, kidney and spleen Urine reflects intake
38
Pyridoxine Function
Needed to transfer amine group Co-enzyme for homocysteine to cysteine Glycolysis
39
Pyridoxine Deficiency
``` Caused by tuberculosis Microcytic anaemia Secondary pellagra Irritability Depression Convulsions Raised plasma homocysteine concn ```
40
Pyridoxine Toxicity
Nerve and skin damage
41
Biotin Absorption
Protease creates Biocytin and biotinides These are further hydrolysed to create free biotin Absorbed along small intestine by sodium dependent transporters or passively at high concentration
42
Biotin Function
Prosthetic group for: pyruvate carboxylase (link) acetyl CoA carboxylase Propionyl CoA carboxylase Beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase Involved in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis
43
Biotin Deficiency
``` Not severe in adults Burning foot Less coordinated In infants Dermatitis, alopecia and ketosis ```
44
Folate Absorption
Hydrolysed to monoglutamate via a zinc dependent carboxypeptidase Absorbed by active pH transporter (needs H+) Transported to liver via portal circulation Released in to peripheral tissue carried by albumin Taken up by cells via folate transporter
45
Folate Function
Carries methyl group Amino acid metabolism (Homocysteine to methionine) Pyrimidine and purine synthesis
46
Folate deficiency
Hyperhomocysteinemia Megaloblastic anaemia Reduces synthesis of neurotransmitters First 12 weeks of pregnancy consume 400ug a day
47
Cobalamin Absorption
``` Bile constantly recirculated Bile enter small intestine B12 binds to IF 90% reabsorbed in ileum Saturate with intake higher than 1.5-2.5ug ```
48
Cobalamin Metabolism
Found as adenosycobalamin or methyl cobalamin acts as carrier of 1-C units MeCbl needed for 5-methylTHF to tetrahydrofolate by MS Co-enzyme in the reaction of homocysteine to methionine Co-enzyme in the conversion of propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA
49
Cobalamin Deficiency
Vegans Pernicious anaemia Demyelination nerve cells Hyperhomosysteinemia
50
Vitamin E overview
fat soluble Alpha - 3 methyl groups Beta and yonder - 2 methyl groups Sigma - 1 methyl group
51
Vitamin E Absorption
``` Hydrolysed by pancreatic esterase Facilitated diffusion involving SR-B1 Incorporated into chylomicron Binds to alpha-tocopherol transfer protein Delivered to VLDL Redistributed into lipoprotein ```
52
Vitamin E Structural function
Incorporated into membrane and cytoplasm
53
Vitamin E chemical function
Breaks oxidation chain to protect PUFA Free radical steal hydrogen from in PUFA Making a peroxy radical Peroxy radical normallyt hen steal from neighbouring instead Vitamin E quenches Makes lipid hydroperoxide Secondary vitamin E reacts with lipid hydroperoxide to make lipid alcohol
54
Vitamin E Defficiency
Rare unless associated with fat malabsorption Myopathies Neuropathies
55
Vitamin C Absorption
If high concentration absorbed passively If low concentration then active tranpost using sodium pump SVCT1 Readily transported in blood ABsorbed into tissue with SVCT2
56
Vitamin C Fnction
Quenches Vitamin E radical Maintain iron and copper as ions Formation of adrenalin and noradrenaline
57
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy

NUT2001 (4 decks)

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