Vitamins

Question 1

EAR (Estimated Average Requirement)

Answer 1

Average intake level estimated to meet requirements of half the healthy people

Question 2

RDA (recommended dietary allowance)

Answer 2

Average intake level to meet needs of 97.5% of healthy people

Question 3

T/F: Infants are put into clinical trials to find RDA

Answer 3

False

Question 4

AI: Adequate Intake

Answer 4

Average intake level assumed to be adequate based on observations or experiments for specific age and/or gender group

Question 5

T/F: AI is common for infants and other populations where it would be unethical for us to do experiments since they would not be put into for clinical trials

Answer 5

True

Question 6

UL: Tolerable upper intake level

Answer 6

Highest intake level likely to pose no adverse effects to almost all people

Question 7

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 7

A, D, E, K

Question 8

Used for Osteoporosis and Bone health

Answer 8

Vitamin D

Question 9

400 IU (10 mcg)

Answer 9

Vitamin D; 0-12 months

Question 10

600 IU (15 mcg)

Answer 10

Vitamin D: 1-70 years old

Question 11

800 IU (20 mcg)

Answer 11

Vitamin D: > 70 years old

Question 12

Ergocalciferol; Cholecalciferol

Answer 12

D2; D3

Question 13

T/F: Avoid taking more than 10,000 IU (250 mcg)/dose for Vitamin D

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Vitamin D Serum levels: <12 ng/ml

Answer 14

Deficient

Question 15

Vitamin D Serum Levels: 12-20 ng/ml

Answer 15

Insufficient

Question 16

What is the goal level for vitamin D serum levels?

Answer 16

30-60 ng/ml

Question 17

T/F: Vitamin D levels need to consider sun time/skin color/ and sunscreen use

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T/F: For vitamin D, you may need more than RDA if risk factors present or low vitamin D levels

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Eyesight (Cataracts, AMD)

Answer 19

Vitamin A

Question 20

What is the provitamin name for Vitamin A?

Answer 20

Beta carotene

Question 21

What is the preformed vitamin A called?

Answer 21

Retinol

Question 22

What does high doses of beta-carotene cause?

Answer 22

Yellow skin

Question 23

Main Overdose Effect for Vitamin A

Answer 23

Hepatotoxicity; can be additive if you are taking a Retinoid medication

Question 24

Vitamin A UL

Answer 24

3,000 mcg (preformed vitamin A ONLY)

Question 25

Which medication should you avoid if you are on Vitamin A?

Answer 25

Retinoid medication

Question 26

T/F: Vitamin A can cause birth defects

Answer 26

True; must take vitamin A under the UL if you are pregnant to avoid any AE

Question 27

Vitamin C

Answer 27

Wound healing Immune function Absorption of Iron

Question 28

Vitamin C UL

Answer 28

2g

Question 29

Vitamin C best efficient dose

Answer 29

1-2 g/day

Question 30

What is a major side effect for Vitamin C? Why?

Answer 30

Kidney stones; it is water soluble and excreted through the kidneys

Question 31

What dose do patients with kidney stones need to take for Vitamin C?

Answer 31

1g/day

Question 32

How much does taking vitamin C decrease the duration of a cold?

Answer 32

1-1.5 days

Question 33

T/F: Chronic smokers/elderly may have deficiencies

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 34

Iron

Question 35

How much elemental Fe is in Iron Ferrous Sulfate?

Answer 35

65 mg

Question 36

Iron Treatment dose

Answer 36

100-200 mg

Question 37

T/F: Iron doses do not need to be divided per day

Answer 37

False; need to divide TID due to saturation fo absorption

Question 38

Iron Adverse Effects

Answer 38

Constipation Dark colored Stool Nausea/vomiting Abdominal pain

Question 39

What increases iron absorption?

Answer 39

Vitamin C

Question 40

What decreases iron absorption?

Answer 40

Acid suppressors (Antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs)

Question 41

What interferes with iron?

Answer 41

Bisphosphonates (used for osteoporosis) Tetracycline Fluoroquinolones Levothyroxine

Question 42

Thiamin

Answer 42

Vitamin B1

Question 43

Vitamin B1 Uses

Answer 43

Alcoholic Dependency | Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Question 44

Well tolerated

Answer 44

Vitamin B1

Question 45

Riboflavin

Answer 45

Vitamin B2

Question 46

Vitamin B2 Uses

Answer 46

Cataracts, Migraines

Question 47

Well Tolerated BUT AE: Diarrhea when used in large doses (>400 mg used for migraines)

Answer 47

Vitamin B2

Question 48

Niacin

Answer 48

Vitamin B3

Question 49

Vitamin B3 Uses

Answer 49

Increases HDL | Decreases TG, LDL

Question 50

Vitamin B3 Dose

Answer 50

Cholesterol: 1-3 g daily

Question 51

Vitamin B3 Adverse Effects

Answer 51

Flushing/itching/headache >50 mg Liver toxicity: >1.5g niaci Glucose intolerance

Question 52

Pyridoxone

Answer 52

Vitamin B6

Question 53

Vitamin B6 Uses

Answer 53

Nausea/vomiting (pregnancy)

Question 54

Vitamin B6 Dose

Answer 54

10-25 mg TID or QID (<100 mg/day)

Question 55

Vitamin B6 Adverse Effects

Answer 55

Sensory neuropathy at doses >200 mg Decreases folic acid concentrations (patient may need to take a prenatal vitamin) Antiepileptics may cause vitamin B6 deficiency

Question 56

Folate

Answer 56

Vitamin B9

Question 57

Vitamin B9 Uses

Answer 57

Neural tube defect | Alcohol dependency

Question 58

Vitamin B9 Dose

Answer 58

Prevention of neural tube defects: 400 mcg DFE | Pregnant: 600 mcg DFE

Question 59

Vitamin B9 Adverse Effects

Answer 59

Folic Acid masks some s/sx of pernicious anemia resulting in neurologic deficiency if B12 deficient May decrease effectiveness of methotrexate Antiepileptics may reduce folate levels

Question 60

Cyanobalamin

Answer 60

Vitamin B12

Question 61

Vitamin B12 Uses

Answer 61

Pernicious Anemia | Older Adults

Question 62

Vitamin B12 Dose

Answer 62

PO equivalent to IM

Question 63

Vitamin B12 Adverse Effects

Answer 63

Metformin decreases B12 levels | Acid suppression decreases B12 absorption: PPIs,H2 receptor blockers

Question 64

Alpha-tocopherol

Answer 64

Vitamin E

Question 65

Vitamin E Uses

Answer 65

AMD | Dementia

Question 66

Vitamin E Dose

Answer 66

Dementia: 2,000 IU/day

Question 67

Vitamin E Adverse Effects

Answer 67

AE: >400 IU/d increases bleeding risk | Increased risk of death with doses >400 IU/day (180 mg) in elderly with multiple co-morbidities or CVD

Question 68

Phytonadione

Answer 68

Vitamin K

Question 69

Vitamin K Use

Answer 69

Reverses effects of warfarin

Question 70

Found in green leafy veggies

Answer 70

Vitamin K

Question 71

Calcium Use

Answer 71

Osteoporosis | Antacid

Question 72

Calcium Dose

Answer 72

1000mg/d (adults 20-50; men 51-70) 1200mg/d (women >50; men >70)

Question 73

T/F: Calcium does not need to separate doses

Answer 73

False; Calcium becomes saturated >500 mg and needs to separate dose if it is over that

Question 74

What has the highest % elemental calcium?

Answer 74

Calcium Carbonate

Question 75

Which is acid dependent?

Answer 75

Calcium Carbonate

Question 76

Magnesium Uses

Answer 76

Constipation | Migraines/headaches

Question 77

Magnesium Adverse Effects

Answer 77

Diarrhea | Chronic PPIs and diuretics decrease magnesium

Question 78

Zince Uses

Answer 78

Common cold | Wound healing AMD

Question 79

Zinc Dose

Answer 79

Zinc pyrithione is used topically for dandruff

Question 80

Zinc Adverse Effects

Answer 80

Metallic taste | Nausea/vomiting

Question 81

What should you avoid for zinc?

Answer 81

Intranasal gels/sprays (Anosmia)

Question 82

Zinc interactions

Answer 82

Cephalosporins Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones Seperate by 3 hours