Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamins are small _____ molecules

Answer 1

organic

Question 2

Why are vitamins important?

Answer 2

they are important for production, health, and performance

Question 3

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 3

A, D, E, K

Question 4

Fat soluble vitamins are stored for a ______ time in the body

Answer 4

long

Question 5

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

Answer 5

the liver and adipose tissue

Question 6

Is there a daily requirement for fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 6

no - they are stored long term in the body

Question 7

What happens to excess water soluble vitamins after they are consumed?

Answer 7

they are excreted in urine

Question 8

water soluble vitamins are _______ in biochemical reactions

Answer 8

cofactors (help enzymes work)

Question 9

international units (IU) are a unit of measure that denotes…

Answer 9

a measure of activity - an amount of vitamin should be dosed per lb or per kg

Question 10

what does ppm stand for?

Answer 10

parts per million

Question 11

What are the three ways vitamins can be supplied to animals?

Answer 11

Mostly, vitamins are supplied in the diet
synthesized by commensal bacteria
synthesized from sunlight

Question 12

Vitamin A functions (4)

Answer 12

1. vision
2. maintenance of epithelial cells
3. bone growth
4. reproduction

Question 13

What is the biologically active form of vitamin A?

Answer 13

retinol

Question 14

Symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency (3)

Answer 14

1. night blindness
2. decreased reproductive performance
3. decreased bone growth

Question 15

What is the major source of vitamin D?

Answer 15

sunlight

Question 16

Which form of vitamin D has the most nutritional value

Answer 16

Vitamin D3

Question 17

What are the functions of vitamin D (3)

Answer 17

1. regulates calcium and phosphorous homeostasis
2. regulates blood calcium concentration
3. steroid hormone

Question 18

What are the symptoms of vitamin D3 deficiency (1)

Answer 18

bone issues
- rickets in young animals and osteomalacia in older animals

Question 19

Vitamin E describes this group of compounds

Answer 19

tocopherols and tocotrienols

Question 20

What is the most active form of vitamin E?

Answer 20

a-tocopherol

Question 21

What are the functions of vitamin E (1)

Answer 21

1. protects cells and tissues from oxidative damage

Question 22

What micromineral does vitamin E interact with?

Answer 22

Selenium
- vitamin E prevents free radical formation
- selenium destroys peroxides

Question 23

What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency? (2)

Answer 23

1. White muscle disease
2. reproductive issues

Question 24

What does vitamin E do for carcass quality?

Answer 24

high levels of vitamin E in the diet increase lipid stability, causing a brighter red color in steaks

Question 25

What is the function of vitamin K (1)

Answer 25

blood clotting (needed for production of the hormone prothrombin)

Question 26

How do animals meet their vitamin K requirement (3)

Answer 26

1. GI bacteria 2. coprophagy 3. green plants (Kale)

Question 27

Name 3 vitamin K antatgonists

Answer 27

1. warfarin (rat poison) 2. dicoumarol (found in molded hay/silage) 3. coccidiostats (antiprotozoal drug)

Question 28

What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency (4)

Answer 28

1. SubQ hemmorhage 2. reduction in carcass quality (due to hemmorhage) 3. prolonged bleeding time 4. death

Question 29

Deficiencies in water soluble vitamins often occur _____

Answer 29

acutely

Question 30

Name the water soluble vitamins (5)

Answer 30

B1 - thiamine B2 - riboflavin B3 - niacin B5 - pantothenic acid B12 - just B12

Question 31

Vitamin B1

Answer 31

Thiamine

Question 32

Vitamin B2

Answer 32

Riboflavin

Question 33

B3

Answer 33

Niacin

Question 34

B5

Answer 34

pantothenic acid

Question 35

B12

Answer 35

B12

Question 36

Vitamin B12 requires this micromineral for synthesis via microbes

Answer 36

cobalt

Question 37

How do animals obtain B vitamins

Answer 37

ruminants get them from the microbes in their rumens monogastrics usually get them from their diet (grains/meat/eggs/dairy)

Question 38

What is the role of B vitamins in the body

Answer 38

metabolic processes (carb/fat/protein metabolism) - acting as coenzymes or cofactors

Question 39

What are the functions of vitamin C (2)

Answer 39

energy metabolism immune system

Question 40

What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency (1)

Answer 40

1. scurvy

Question 41

What is a source of vitamin C

Answer 41

citrus

Question 42

What are some general sources of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 42

1. vitamin premixes (A-D-E) 2. inectables 3. dietary ingredients