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ANS 328 I: Principles of Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.

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2
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A
  1. Fat soluble.
  2. Water soluble.
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3
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin A.
  2. Vitamin D.
  3. Vitamin E.
  4. Vitamin K.
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4
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins found in the body?

A

Stored in lipids throughout the body.

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5
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins transported following lipid digestion?

A

In chylomicrons.

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6
Q

What are the 2 water soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin C.
  2. Vitamin B (8).
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7
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins found in the body?

A

In the blood and urine, but are not stored in the body.

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8
Q

What transport protein could water soluble vitamins attach to?

A

Albumin.

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9
Q

What are vitamins in the diet commonly attached to?

A
  1. Protein.
  2. Fatty acids.
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10
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

Any compound that has a biological activity of retinol.

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11
Q

What is the precursor for all other forms of vitamin A?

A

Beta-carotene.

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12
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A
  1. Vision.
  2. Gene transcription (via interactions with nuclear hormone receptors).
  3. Cell proliferation and differentiation.
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Skeletal malformation.
  2. Reproductive failure.
  3. Conjunctivitis.
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13
Q

Why is vitamin A the vitamin that is most likely to cause a toxicity?

A

It is stored in the liver, allowing a build-up of vitamin A to occur.

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13
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Impaired growth.
  2. Degradation of mucous membranes.
  3. Abnormal bone growth.
  4. Rough hair coat.
  5. Night blindness leading to blindness.
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14
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin D/the sunshine vitamin?

A
  1. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)-Plants.
  2. Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol*)-Animals.
    *Synthesized from cholesterol.
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15
Q

How is vitamin D converted into its active form?

A

It enters the liver and is turned into 25-hydorxyvitamin D2/D3. Then, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 is converted into 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2/D3.

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16
Q

What animals cannot produce vitamin D?

A
  1. Cats.
  2. Dogs.
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17
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A
  1. Calcium mobilization from bones.
  2. Increased efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption.
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  1. Rickets (Young).
  2. Osteomalacia (adult)
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19
Q

Under what conditions does vitamin D not need to be supplemented?

A

When the animal receives adequate sunlight.
*Vitamin D requirements varies greatly among animals.

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20
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin E?

A

Alpha-tocopherol.

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21
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Prevents oxidative damage of membrane lipids.

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22
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin E deficiency?

A
  1. Liver necrosis (swine and rats).
  2. Fetal resorption (rats).
  3. Encephalomalacia (poultry).
  4. Muscular dystrophy.
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23
What are the chemical names for vitamin K?
1. Menaquinone (rumen/hindgut bacteria). 2. Phylloquinone (plant).
23
What is the function of vitamin K?
The post-transcriptional modification of clotting factor and osteocalcin.
24
What is the sign of a vitamin K deficiency?
Reduced clotting factor.
25
How common is B vitamin toxicity?
Rare.
25
What is the main function of B vitamins?
Enzyme cofactors in energy metabolism.
26
What is the chemical name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin(e).
27
What are the functions of vitamin B1?
1. Transketolation during DNA/RNA synthesis. 2. Decarboxylation of ketoacids.
28
What are the signs of a vitamin B1 deficiency?
1. Decreased heart rate. 2. Paralysis. 3. Subnormal temperature. 4. Anorexia. 5. Convulsions.
29
What is the chemical name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin.
30
What is the function of riboflavin?
Producing the flavocoenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
31
What is the function of flavin mononucleotide?
To aid in the regeneration of FAD.
32
What is the function of flavin adenine dinucleotide?
To act as an electron transporter in metabolic reactions.
33
What are the signs of a riboflavin deficiency?
1. Curly toe syndrome (chicks). 2. Reduced egg hatchability and production. 3. Skin lesions. 4. Reduced growth. 5. Reproductive failure.
34
What are the chemical names for vitamin B3?
1. Niacin. 2. Nicotinic acid. 3. Nicotinamide.
35
What is the function of vitamin B3?
The synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
36
What is the function of both NAD and NADP?
To act as co-factors in metabolic processes.
37
What are the signs of a vitamin B3 deficiency?
1. Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia). 2. Reduced growth.
38
What is the relationship between niacin and tryptophan?
Tryptophan can be fed to replace niacin for NAD and NADP synthesis. *60mg niacin is required to make 1mg of NAD in swine, so the process is not very efficient.
39
What is the chemical name for vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid.
40
What are the functions of vitamin B5?
1. Acyl carrier protein synthesis (Stabilizes fatty acid synthase). 2. Coenzyme-A synthesis (co-enzyme in glycolysis).
41
What are the signs of a vitamin B5 deficiency?
1. Goose-stepping (swine only). 2. Reduced growth. 3. Dermatitis.
42
What are the chemical names for vitamin B6?
1. Pyridoxamine. 2. Pyridoxal. 3. Pyridoxine.
43
What are the functions of pyridoxal?
1. Glycogen phosphorylase synthesis (Necessary for glycogenolysis). 2. Heme biosynthesis (Oxygen carrier). 3. Cysteine synthesis (from methionine and used for taurine synthesis). 4. Decarboxylase enzymes (removing carboxyl groups). 5. Aminotransferase(s) (non-essential amino acid synthesis).
44
What are the signs of a pyridoxal deficiency?
1. Convulsions. 2. Dermatitis. 3. Impaired reproduction.
45
What are the chemical names for vitamin B9?
1. Folate. 2. Folic acid.
46
What is the function of folate?
1-carbon metabolism.
47
What are different reactions that involve 1-carbon metabolism?
1. Methionine cycle. 2. Interconversion of glycine and serine. 3. Nucleotide synthesis.
48
What are the signs of folate deficiency?
1. Anemia. 2. Reduced growth. 3. Poor reproduction.
49
How much folate does an animal need?
Small quantities.
50
What is the chemical name for vitamin B12?
Cobalomine.
51
What is required by ruminants and hindgut fermenters to synthesize vitamin B12?
Cobalt, which is at the center of vitamin B12.
52
Where can vitamin B12 not be found?
Plants.
53
How much vitamin B12 do animals need?
Small quantities.
54
What is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factors, a type of protein.
55
What cells produce intrinsic factors?
Parietal cells.
56
What are the functions of vitamin B12?
1. Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (Conversion of propionate to succinyl-CoA). 2. Methionine synthase (Methionine cycle involvement).
57
What are the B12 deficiency symptoms?
1. Poor reproduction. 2. Anemia. 3. Decreased growth
58
What is the chemical name of vitamin B7?
Biotin.
59
What synthesis processes require biotin?
1. Pyruvate carboxylase (Glucose synthase). 2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. 3. Propionyl CoA carboxylase (Propionate to succinyl-CoA). 4. 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (Leucine carboxylase).
60
What are the symptoms of a biotin deficiency in non-ruminants?
1. Dermatitis. 2. Cracks in foot pads. 3. Poor growth. 4. Loss of hair or feathers.
61
What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency in ruminants?
1. Hoof cracks. 2. Lesions.
62
What is the problem with feeding companion animals raw eggs?
Raw eggs contain avidin, which binds biotin and makes it unavailable.
63
What are the functions of choline (formerly known as vitamin B4)?
1. Neurotransmission. 2. Phospholipid synthesis. 3. Chylomicron synthesis (Fat transport). 4. Methyl group donor (Helps with folate deficiency). *No deficiency because of no requirement.
64
What is the chemical name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid.
65
What animals require vitamin C?
1. Primates. 2. Guinea pigs. 3. Some exotics (ex: Fruit bats). 4. Fish species (ex: rainbow trout). *Lack the enzyme gulonolactone.
66
What is vitamin C synthesized from?
Glucose.
67
What are the oxygenase activity functions of vitamin C?
1. Tyrosine oxidation. 2. Carnitine synthesis. 3. Collagen synthesis. 4. Norepinephrine synthesis. 5. Activation of peptide hormones (OT, CCK, calcitonin).
68
What is the other function of vitamin C?
Antioxidants. *Works in conjunction with vitamin E.
69
What are the signs of a vitamin C deficiency?
-Scurvy. 1. Bruising/hemorrhaging. 2. Rough coat. 3. Painful joints. 4. Dental issues. 5. Lethargy.

ANS 328 I: Principles of Nutrition (8 decks)

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