VITAMINS

Question 1

are a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts for different physiological functions

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

originated from the term vital amine and refers to a group of compounds having specific roles in metabolism.

Answer 2

“Vitamin”

Question 3

are classified into fat- and water-soluble vitamins

Answer 3

Vitamins

Question 4

This vitamin was discovered by M. Mori in 1922 as a “fat-soluble factor” present in butter and fish oil, and he named it A

Answer 4

Vitamin A

Question 5

is the biologically active form of vitamin A

Answer 5

Retinol

Question 6

is required in the diet of all animals

Answer 6

Vitamin A

Question 7

are pigments present in plant cells (> 600 types) that provide the deep orange/yellow color of plant foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins

Answer 7

Carotenoids

Question 8

There are two forms of carotenoids:

Answer 8

Carotenes And Xanthophylls

Question 9

formed by the irradiation of sterols in plants and in the skin of animals and can be called a “sunshine” vitamin

Answer 9

Vitamin D

Question 9

plays a role in several distinct functions, including vision, bone growth, reproduction, and maintenance of epithelial cells, which cover the body surface (e.g., skin) and mucous membranes of body cavities (e.g., respiratory, urogenital, digestive tract)

Answer 9

Vitamin A

Question 10

combines with a protein called opsin to form rhodopsin (also called visual purple)

Answer 10

Retinal

Question 11

l (vitamin D2) in plants is formed upon exposure to sunlight after harvest (or injury) and not in living plant cells

Answer 11

Ergocalciferol

Question 11

(vitamin D3) is the form of vitamin D that is of nutritional value to most animals

Answer 11

Cholecalciferol

Question 11

The two major forms of vitamin D are

Answer 11

ergocalciferol (vitamin D2, activated plant form) and cholecalciferol

Question 12

is really a hormone. It can be synthesized in the animal body from cholesterol

Answer 12

Vitamin D

Question 13

works along with the gut, bones, and kidneys in maintaining blood Ca levels

Answer 13

Vitamin D

Question 14

also affects normal bone growth and calcification by acting with PTH to mobilize Ca from bone and by causing an increase in P resorption in the kidneys

Answer 14

Vitamin D

Question 15

works along with the intestines, bones, and kidneys to maintain an optimal level of blood Ca and P that is needed for normal bone mineralization

Answer 15

Vitamin D

Question 16

a term that is used to describe a group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols

Answer 16

Vitamin E

Question 17

is the most active biological form of vitamin E and is the one that is added to animal diets

Answer 17

α-tocopherol

Question 17

the most biologically effective form of vitamin E in animals

Answer 17

RRR-α-tocophero

Question 17

prevents the oxidation of lipids by serving as a free radical scavenger and donates electrons from the hydroxyl group of the molecule

Answer 17

Vitamin E

Question 17

in the body is to serve as a biological chain-breaking antioxidant and to protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage induced by free radicals and other lipid oxidation products

Answer 17

Vitamin E

Question 18

is an antioxidant, and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A in the diet increase the requirement for vitamin E

Answer 18

Vitamin E

Question 18

deficiency can produce white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia. White muscle disease is caused by the degeneration of skeletal and heart muscle fiber, which leads to rapid death due to heart failure

Answer 18

Vitamin E

Question 18

is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins and high levels are added in the diets of animals (beef cow, poultry) to enhance food nutritional and aesthetic value and lipid stability

Answer 18

Vitamin E

Question 19

includes a group of compounds called the quinones.

Answer 19

Vitamin K

Question 20

is found in green plants (phylloquinones) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones) is synthesized by hindgut bacteria.

Answer 20

Vitamin K

Question 20

s needed for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood-clotting protein

Answer 20

Vitamin K

Question 21

Vitamin K includes a group of compounds called the

Answer 21

quinones

Question 22

Vitamin K1 found in green plants

Answer 22

phylloquinones

Question 23

vitamin K2 is synthesized by hindgut bacteria

Answer 23

menaquinones

Question 23

a blood-clotting protein

Answer 23

prothrombin

Question 23

The blood-clotting process needs several proteins such as;

Answer 23

thromboplastin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin

Question 24

deficiency of vitamin K leads to failure in;

Answer 24

failure in fibrin clot formation, hemorrhages, and/or prolonged bleeding time

Question 25

The blood-clotting process needs several proteins such as thromboplastin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin. The enzymes needed for these processes are vitamin K dependent, and hence deficiency of vitamin K leads to failure in fibrin clot formation, hemorrhages, and/or prolonged bleeding time.

Question 26

is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K

Answer 26

Dicoumarol

Question 27

Another antagonist of vitamin K? It is also a rat poison causing anticoagulation

Answer 27

Warfarin

Question 28

It is also a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K

Answer 28

Warfarin

Question 28

is routinely administered in rodenticide poisoning in pets because the active ingredient (Warfarin) in these rodenticides are anticoagulants, causing bleeding and hemorrhaging

Answer 28

Vitamin K

Question 28

is needed for the blood-clotting process in the animal body

Answer 28

Vitamin K

Question 29

what derivatives are nontoxic even at higher levels

Answer 29

Phylloquinone and Menaquinone

Question 30

given in prolonged high doses produces anemia and other abnormalities in animals

Answer 30

Menadione

Question 31

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 31

B and C

Question 32

are originally grouped together because of their similar metabolic functions

Answer 32

B vitamins

Question 32

also called B complex vitamins

Answer 32

B vitamins

Question 33

are water soluble and are needed in the daily diet of monogastric animals

Answer 33

B vitamins

Question 34

consists of one molecule of pyrimidine joined with one of thiazole

Answer 34

Thiamine

Question 35

is also referred to as vitamin B1, as it is the first vitamin identified

Answer 35

Thiamine

Question 36

is a component of the enzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), which is involved in several key reactions in energy producing pathways

Answer 36

Thiamine

Question 36

functions as a coenzyme in enzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate

Answer 36

Thiamine

Question 37

is another typical symptom of thiamin deficiency in chicks. Several compounds resemble thiamine in chemical structure and can function as antagonists, causing a thiamine deficiency

Answer 37

Polyneuritis

Question 38

is named for its yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose). Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is relatively heat stable but easily destroyed by light

Answer 38

Riboflavin

Question 39

functions in the body as a component of two different coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Answer 39

Riboflavin

Question 40

n is the accepted generic description for pyridine 3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives showing the nutritional activity of nicotinic acid. Niacin functions as a constituent of two important coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADPH

Answer 40

Niacin

Question 40

in dogs, and in chickens, it causes poor feathering around the eyes, also called spectacled eyes

Answer 40

Black Tongue Disease

Question 41

comprises three different forms: pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), and pyridoxamine (animal)

Answer 41

Pyridoxine

Question 42

participates in a wide variety of biochemical reactions, most of them involving amino acid metabolism, such as transamination, deamination reactions, and decarboxylation reactions

Answer 42

Pyridoxal 5-phosphate

Question 43

is also required for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin

Answer 43

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 44

an abnormal gait, due to nerve degeneration

Answer 44

Goose-Stepping

Question 44

occurs in all tissues of the body. The vitamin name is derived from the Greek term pan meaning “all,” or “everywhere.”

Answer 44

Pantothenic Acid

Question 44

Feeding raw egg whites to rats causes skin lesions and loss of hair and were cured by a protective factor found in the liver. The original name given to this compound was vitamin H because it protected haut, a German word for “skin.”

Answer 44

Biotin

Question 45

The original name given to biotin compound was ----- because it protected haut, a German word for “skin.”

Answer 45

vitamin H

Question 45

is a prosthetic group that binds to the lysine of the enzyme via a peptide bond to form biocytin

Answer 45

Biotin

Question 45

Feeding raw egg whites

Answer 45

causes skin lesions and loss of hair to rats were cured by a protective factor found in the liver

Question 46

is required for purine, pyrimidine, glycine, serine, and creatine synthesis. Both purine and pyrimidine synthesis is required for DNA synthesis and thus cell replication

Answer 46

Tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 46

serves as a cofactor in carboxylase reactions such as acetyl CoA carboxylase carboxylase (the first step in lipogenesis) and pyruvate carboxylase (the first step in gluconeogenesis)

Answer 46

Biotin

Question 47

is a generic term used to describe folic acid and related compounds. The active form of folacin in the body is called tetrahydrofolic acid

Answer 47

Folacin

Question 47

is the most prominent human vitamin deficiency

Answer 47

Folic acid deficiency

Question 47

is the vitamin and deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is the coenzyme form

Answer 47

Cyanocobalamin

Question 47

It is also the only vitamin that is synthesized only by microorganisms

Answer 47

Cobalamin

Question 47

acts as a carbon dioxide carrier (carbon fixation) in reactions in which carbon chains are lengthened

Answer 47

Biotin

Question 48

he last B vitamin (vitamin B12), was discovered in 1948

Answer 48

Cobalamin

Question 49

serves as a coenzyme for several enzyme systems involving methyl transfer in fat and carbohydrate metabolism and for myelin synthesis

Answer 49

Folic acid

Question 50

plays an important role in the absorption of vitamin B12

Answer 50

Stomach

Question 51

provides the acidity and pepsin to release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from the dietary source

Answer 51

Stomach

Question 52

It was discovered in 1747 that scurvy can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice

Answer 52

Vitamin C

Question 53

also secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein

Answer 53

Stomach

Question 54

was recognized as a vitamin in 1933. Ascorbic acid has a structure closely related to monosaccharide sugars. It is synthesized from glucose by plants and most animal species

Answer 54

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Question 55

is required for hydroxylation reactions of the amino acids proline and lysine in the formation of collagen, elastin synthesis, and neurotransmitter (norepinephrine, epinephrine) synthesis.

Answer 55

Ascorbic acid

Question 55

is important for normal bone formation. It also functions as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress.

Answer 55

Collagen

Question 55

Types of Vitamin C