Vitamins Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
What are the six essential nutrients
A
Water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, proteins, fats.
2
Q
Micronutrients
A
Nutrients your body does not produce that are necessary for homeostasis AKA vitamins and minerals.
3
Q
Most common vitamin/ mineral deficiencies
A
iron, iodine, zinc, vitamin A, Vitamin D, B12, and Folate
4
Q
Vitamin C helps produce:
A
Collagen
5
Q
What is the dietary reference index
A
-Recommended dietary allowance
- adequate intake
- estimated average requirement
- tolerable upper level
6
Q
Water soluble vitamins
A
B and C
7
Q
Vitamin B1
A
Thiamine (TPP)
8
Q
Vitamin B2
A
Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)
9
Q
Vitamin B3
A
Niacin (NAD+)
10
Q
Vitamin B5
A
Pantothenic acid (CoA)
11
Q
Vitamin B6
A
Pyridoxine (PLP)
12
Q
Vitamin B7
A
Biotin
13
Q
Vitamin B9
A
Folate
14
Q
Vitamin B12
A
Cobalamin
15
Q
Vitamin C
A
Ascorbic acid
16
Q
Lipid soluble vitamins
A
ADEK
17
Q
Which vitamins are more likely to lead to an OD
A
Lipid soluble vitamins
18
Q
Micro nutrients with the greatest importance clinically
A
Iron, Calcium, iodine, zinc, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Folic acid (B9)
19
Q
What is the average daily intake that is sufficient to meet the dietary requirement of nearly all people.
A
RDA
20
Q
What is used when RDA cannot be determined?
A
AI
21
Q
What vitamin is “omega 3 and 6 fatty acids”
A
Vitamin F
22
Q
Name the trace minerals
A
Iron, zinc, copper, fluoride, manganese
23
Q
Name the ultra trace minerals
A
Iodine, Chromium
24
Q
Where are coenzymes/ cofactors derived from?
A
NAD+, FAD+, Zinc
25
Risks for vitamin deficiency?
Alcoholism, Poverty, Pregnancy, Insufficient diets, Malabsorption.
26
B1 Thiamine function (TPP)
Regulates neurotransmitters and nerve conduction. A cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes --> Impacts predominately ATP.
27
Sources of B1
Whole grains, dried beans, brown rice, pork, liver.
28
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Impaired glucose breakdown, Beri-beri, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome. Symptoms almost as if someone is drunk, eye movements, ataxia, memory loss.
29
Which vitamins are in fortified foods like breads and cereals?
B1, B2, B3, and Folate
30
In what two vitamins is anemia the primary deficiency symptom?
B12 and B9
31
What are the three types of Beri-beri
Dry: neurological symptoms
Wet: Cardiac symptoms
Acute: both
32
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
Rarely occurs alone, Fissures on mouth (cheilosis), fissures in the corner of the mouth (angular somatitis), inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), and magenta tongue. Corneal vascularization.
33
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency
(PELLAGRA): the four D's (dementia, death, diarrhea, dermatitis), presents as a sunburn.
34
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic) deficiency
Burning sensation on feet, nerve inflammation, dermatitis, alopecia, ADRENAL INSUFICIENCY.
35
Niacin excess
FACIAL FLUSHING, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia.
36
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) excess
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate kidney stones.
37
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
Disorders of amino acid metabolism, convulsions. Neurological conditions like depression, confusion, and neuropathy. Also contains a rash on the body.
38
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
Deficiency is rare, impaired metabolism, dermatitis, alopecia, long term antibiotics and EGG WHITES. Death occurs without treatment.
39
Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia: fatigue, weakness, headache, heart palpitations. Neural tube defects (fetus).
40
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Pernicious anemia: megaloblastic anemia with spinal cord degradation. Fatigue, paleness, irreversible neurological problems.
41
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)deficiency
SCURVY: Hemorrhagic signs: bleeding gums, blood under nail. Anxiety.
42
Vitamin C function
Antioxidant, enhances absorption of iron (cofactor). Hormone synthesis, collagen synthesis.
43
Vitamin B12 function
Important for DNA and RNA synthesis, works with folic acid. Cofactor for methionine synthase.
44
Vitamin B9 (FOLATE) function
Converted to THF coenzyme, Important for DNA and RNA synthesis.
45
Vitamin B7 (biotin) function
Cofactor for carboxylation reactions in gluconeogenesis. Role in regulation of the cell cycle.
46
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Converted to PLP, neurotransmitter synthesis (SEROTONIN, Dopamine, GABA).
47
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) function
Essential component of CoA, cofactor for fatty acid synthase.
48
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Components of NAD+ and NADP+ redox reactions, role in treatment of dyslipidemia. Derived from tryptophan.
49
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) function
Components of flavin in redox reactions (FAD/ FMN),
50
Vitamin B1 function (thimaine)
(TPP) is a cofactor dehydrogenase enzymes, important for ATP production. Regulates neurotransmitters and nerve conduction.
51
Preformed Vitamin A
Retinol, retinoic acid, retinyl ester.
52
Provitamin A
Beta-carotene
53
Vitamin A sources
Liver, fatty fish, milk/cheese
54
Provitamin A (beta-carotinoid)
Carrots, squash, cantaloupe, spinach.
55
Vitamin A function
Vision: component of rhodopsin which is necessary for eyes to adjust to darkness.
Cells: Critical for growth and development (epithelial).
Antioxidant.
56
Vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness, growth retardation in children, anorexia/ altered sense of smell and taste, Dry skin, GI symptoms.
57
Vitamin A toxicity
Blurred vision, poor coordination, nausea/ vomitting.
58
Vitamin D types
D2: ergocalciferol
D3: cholecalciferol
59
Sources of vitamin D
salmon, tuna, mushrooms, direct sunlight!
60
Function of Vitamin D
Serum calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, cell differentiation and growth, affects about 200 genes and acts as a hormone. Promotes bone marrow growth. Almost all cells in the immune system are affected by it.
61
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets: decreased bone/ mineralization in growth plates.
Osteomalacia: softening of bones, results in bone and muscle pain.
62
Vitamin D toxicity
Only occurs with oral intake, abnormally high blood calcium, vomiting, renal failure.
63
Vitamin E types
Tocopherols and tocotrienols
64
Sources of vitamin E
Nuts, seeds, avocado
65
Vitamin E function
Maintain integrity of cell membranes, antioxidant, immune function, anti-inflammatory
66
Vitamin E deficiency
Uncommon; hemolytic anemia, poor muscle coordination/ weakness. pain and numbness in extremities.
67
Vitamin E toxicity
Can interfere with vitamin K and cause prolonged bleeding,
68
Vitamin K types
Phylloquinone/ Menaquinone (bacteria)
69
Vitamin K sources
Greens, broccoli, lettuce, pumpkin.
70
Vitamin K function
CLOTTING factors, bone mineralization, glucose regulation, brain development.
71
Vitamin K deficiency
Bruising, prolong clotting time, hemorrhage.
72
Vitamin K toxicity
can diminish the effectiveness of blood thinners (warfarin).
73
What vitamin deficiency?: Easily bruised
Vitamin K
74
What vitamin deficiency?: Night blindness
Vitamin A
75
What vitamin deficiency?: Poor muscle coordination
Vitamin E
76
What vitamin deficiency?: Bone and muscle pain
Vitamin D
77
What vitamin deficiency?: Altered sense of taste and smell.
Vitamin A
78
What vitamin deficiency?: Dry scaly skin
Vitamin A
79
What vitamin deficiency?: Fracture bones easily
Vitamin D
80
What vitamin deficiency?: Bleeding/ hemorrhaging
Vitamin K
81
What vitamin deficiency?: Muscle weakness
Vitamin E
82
What vitamin deficiency?: Diarrhea and GI symptoms
Vitamin A
83
What vitamin deficiency?: Bone deformities in children
Vitamin D
