Vitamins Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Chemical name for vitamin a
A
Retinol or beta carotene
2
Q
What are 5 food sources of vitamin a?
A
- milk
-cheese
-butter
-eggs - dark green leaves
- orange, yellow, red fruits
3
Q
What are the functions of vitamin A?
A
- keeps skin healthy
- produces visual purple
- helps children grow
- produces mucus
- beta carotene is an antioxidant
4
Q
What is the deficiency of vitamin a?
A
- children wont grow
- skin and mucus membrane become dry and infected
- night blindness
- eye damage
5
Q
What is an excess of vitamin a?
A
Can be toxic and may damage the development of an unborn baby
6
Q
What is the chemical name for vitamin e?
A
Tocopherol
7
Q
What is vitamin k chemical name
A
Phylloquinone
8
Q
What are 4 food sources of vitamin k?
A
- green leafy veg
- liver
- cheese
- green tea
9
Q
Where can vitamin k be produced in the body?
A
Vitamin k can be produced in the large intestine by bacteria
10
Q
What are the functions of vitamin k?
A
Used during the blood clotting process so prevents blood loss
11
Q
What are deficiencies of vitamin k?
A
This is very rare however can occur in newborns as babies lose some blood during the birthing process
12
Q
What is the chemical name for vitamin b1?
A
Thiamin
13
Q
What are the 5 food sources of vitamin e?
A
- Mainly found in plant foods such as soya
- corn
- olive oil
- nuts
- seeds
- wheat germ
- vegetable fat spreads
14
Q
What are the functions of vitamin e?
A
- antioxidant
- enhances immune system
15
Q
What is the deficiency and excess of vitamin e?
A
A deficiency or excess is rare
16
Q
What is the chemical name for vitamin b9?
A
Folate
17
Q
What are food sources of vitamin b9?
A
Not found naturally in many foods
Leafy greens
Yeast extract
18
Q
What is the function of vitamin b9?
A
- Works with b12 to make healthy red blood cells
- Helps reduce the risk of developing central nervous system defects such as spina bifilar in unborn babies
19
Q
What is the deficiency of b9?
A
Can lead to a type of anaemia called megolablastic anaemia when the red blood cells become enlarged, spinal cord defects in unborn babies
20
Q
What is the chemical name for vitamin c?
A
Ascorbic acid
21
Q
What are food sources of vitamin c?
A
- Fruit and veg
- citrus fruits
- small amounts in liver and milk
22
Q
What are vitamin cs complementary links?
A
Vitamin d and iron
23
Q
What is the function of vitamin c?
A
- Helps the body absorb iron
- to maintain connective tissues
- antioxidant
24
Q
What is the chemical name of vitamin d?
A
Cholecalciferol
25
What are food sources of vitamin d?
- sunlight
- oily fish
- eggs
- butter
- liver
- meat
- fortified cereals
26
What is the function of vitamin d?
- enables calcium to be absorbed through the small intestine
- helps calcium to be deposited in bones and teeth
27
What is the deficiency of vitamin d?
- children’s bones and teeth will not strengthen (rickets)
- adults bones will weaken and break easily (osteomalacia)
28
What is the excess of vitamin d?
- too much calcium will be absorbed causing organ damage
29
30
What is the chemical structure of riboflavin?
Riboflavin is a type of vitamin B
## Footnote
Riboflavin is also known as Vitamin B2.
31
What are the functions of Vitamin B?
Precursor in a range of enzyme reactions
## Footnote
This includes metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
32
What can happen if there is an excess of vitamins?
Excess can lead to various health issues
## Footnote
Too much of certain vitamins can cause toxicity.
33
What deficiency can lead to night blindness?
Vitamin A deficiency
## Footnote
Night blindness is a condition where one has difficulty seeing in low light.
34
What is the role of Vitamin D?
Used in bone health to prevent rickets
## Footnote
Ergocalciferol is a form of vitamin D.
35
What is the importance of co-enzyme A?
Involved in metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
## Footnote
Co-enzyme A is crucial for various enzymatic reactions.
36
What symptoms are associated with Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Cracks at corners of mouth, dry, scaly lips, depression, confusion
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate a potential deficiency in Vitamin B6.
37
What is megaloblastic anaemia?
A condition possibly caused by Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
## Footnote
Folate is important for DNA synthesis and cell division.
38
What is the role of Vitamin B12?
Makes healthy red blood cells and is a cofactor in metabolic reactions
## Footnote
Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA production and repair.
39
What are the dietary sources of Vitamin C?
Fruits like oranges, lemons, guavas, and vegetables like broccoli
## Footnote
Vitamin C is also known for its antioxidant properties.
40
What condition results from Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
## Footnote
Scurvy leads to bleeding under the skin and loose teeth.
41
Fill in the blank: Vitamin B7 is involved in _______.
Metabolism of fatty acids and proteins
42
True or False: Vitamin C is important for the absorption of iron.
True
## Footnote
Vitamin C enhances iron absorption in the ileum.
43
What is the chemical structure of riboflavin?
Riboflavin is a type of vitamin B
## Footnote
Riboflavin is also known as Vitamin B2.
44
What are the functions of Vitamin B?
Precursor in a range of enzyme reactions
## Footnote
This includes metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
45
What can happen if there is an excess of vitamins?
Excess can lead to various health issues
## Footnote
Too much of certain vitamins can cause toxicity.
46
What deficiency can lead to night blindness?
Vitamin A deficiency
## Footnote
Night blindness is a condition where one has difficulty seeing in low light.
47
What is the role of Vitamin D?
Used in bone health to prevent rickets
## Footnote
Ergocalciferol is a form of vitamin D.
48
What is the importance of co-enzyme A?
Involved in metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
## Footnote
Co-enzyme A is crucial for various enzymatic reactions.
49
What symptoms are associated with Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Cracks at corners of mouth, dry, scaly lips, depression, confusion
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate a potential deficiency in Vitamin B6.
50
What is megaloblastic anaemia?
A condition possibly caused by Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency
## Footnote
Folate is important for DNA synthesis and cell division.
51
What is the role of Vitamin B12?
Makes healthy red blood cells and is a cofactor in metabolic reactions
## Footnote
Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA production and repair.
52
What are the dietary sources of Vitamin C?
Fruits like oranges, lemons, guavas, and vegetables like broccoli
## Footnote
Vitamin C is also known for its antioxidant properties.
53
What condition results from Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
## Footnote
Scurvy leads to bleeding under the skin and loose teeth.
54
Fill in the blank: Vitamin B7 is involved in _______.
Metabolism of fatty acids and proteins
55
True or False: Vitamin C is important for the absorption of iron.
True
## Footnote
Vitamin C enhances iron absorption in the ileum.
56
What is magnesium used for?
- Metabolism of cells
- transfer in energy
- required by several hundred different
57
What are carotenoids?
Plant pigments found mainly in yellow, orange, and red vegetables and fruits
58
Where are phytosterols primarily found?
Seeds, nuts, and oils
59
List three sources of phyto-oestrogens.
* Cocoa
* Dark chocolate
* Cloves
60
What is one health benefit of carotenoids?
They are converted into vitamin A in the body
61
True or False: Many phytochemicals act as antioxidants.
True
62
How do some phytochemicals help with blood cholesterol levels?
They lower blood cholesterol levels
63
What role do some phytochemicals play in cancer prevention?
They protect against the development of certain cancers
64
Fill in the blank: Some phytochemicals help strengthen the body's _______.
immune system
65
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients required in larger amounts, such as proteins and carbohydrates
66
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients required in smaller amounts, such as vitamins and minerals
67
Define good nutrition.
Eating a wide variety of foods and drinking sufficient fluids
68
What is malnutrition?
A deficiency, excess, or imbalance in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients
69
List two sources of sulphides.
* Onions
* Garlic
70
What is one function of phyto-oestrogens?
They may help protect the body from micro-biological illnesses
71
Name one way phytochemicals help regulate the body.
They help regulate blood pressure
72
List two health benefits of phytochemicals.
* Help prevent the development of blood clots
* Help to prevent inflammation in the body
73
What is the role of good nutrition in physical fitness?
It provides strength and stamina
74
75
76
What is the name of the bacteria that can be found in cooked rice, vegetables, custard, corn flour, soup, and spices?
Bacillus cereus
## Footnote
Known for causing food poisoning through toxins from spore germination.
77
What is the incubation period for Bacillus cereus?
1-5 hours
78
What symptoms are associated with Bacillus cereus poisoning?
Nausea, vomiting
79
What is the name of the bacteria that can be found in vacuum-packed smoked fish and incorrectly canned foods?
Clostridium botulinum
## Footnote
Can produce a potent toxin that may lead to serious illness.
80
What is the incubation period for Clostridium botulinum?
2 hours - 8 days
81
What symptoms might indicate Clostridium botulinum poisoning?
Difficulty swallowing, breathing, talking; double vision, dizziness
82
Is Clostridium botulinum poisoning fatal?
Yes, it can be fatal.
83
What is the bacteria commonly associated with meat, poultry, and raw eggs?
Salmonella
84
What is the incubation period for Salmonella?
6-72 hours
85
What are the symptoms of Salmonella infection?
Diarrhoea, severe abdominal pain, dehydration, nausea, fever, vomiting
86
What is the duration of illness for Salmonella?
1-7 days
87
Which bacteria are commonly found in raw and undercooked meat and poultry?
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli
88
What is the incubation period for Campylobacter infections?
1-10 days
89
What symptoms are associated with Campylobacter infection?
Headache, fever, bloodstained diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea
90
What is the duration of illness for Campylobacter infections?
1-7 days, symptoms may reappear within 3 weeks
91
What is the name of the bacteria linked to undercooked meat products and raw milk?
Escherichia coli (E. coli) 0157
92
What is the incubation period for E. coli 0157?
1-8 days
93
What symptoms are associated with E. coli 0157 infection?
Watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, cramps; may lead to kidney failure
94
What is the duration of illness for E. coli 0157?
2 weeks, can lead to complications with internal organs
95
What is the bacteria associated with contaminated water, salad ingredients, and shellfish?
Shigella
96
What is the incubation period for Shigella?
1-3 days (maybe 12 hours - 7 days)
97
What symptoms are caused by Shigella infection?
Diarrhoea, fever, stomach pain, vomiting, blood, pus, and mucus in stools
98
What is the duration of illness for Shigella infections?
Varies, depending on extent of infection and health status
99
What is the name of the bacteria found in meat, poultry, stews, and gravy?
Clostridium perfringens
100
What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens?
4-24 hours
101
What symptoms are associated with Clostridium perfringens?
Abdominal pain, diarrhoea
102
What is the duration of illness for Clostridium perfringens?
12-48 hours
103
What is the bacteria associated with soft cheeses, pâtés, and cook-chill meals?
Listeria monocytogenes
104
What is the incubation period for Listeria monocytogenes?
24 hours - 3 months
105
What symptoms are associated with Listeria infection?
Influenza-like illness, fever, diarrhoea, septicaemia, meningitis, miscarriage
106
Who are the vulnerable groups at risk for Listeria infection?
Newborns, pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, elderly
107
What is the bacteria found on/in the skin, hair, noses, and mouths of people and animals?
Staphylococcus aureus
108
What foods are commonly contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus?
Poultry, cooked meat, egg products, salads, milk, some dried foods
109
What is the incubation period for Staphylococcus aureus?
1-7 hours
110
What symptoms are associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection?
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, low temperature, collapse
111
What is the duration of illness for Staphylococcus aureus?
6-24 hours
112
What is germinate?
When a seed or spore starts to grow and develop
## Footnote
Germination is a crucial process in the life cycle of plants and fungi.
113
Define high-risk foods.
Foods that favour the growth and multiplication of micro-organisms
## Footnote
Examples include raw meat, dairy products, and cooked rice.
114
What are low-risk foods?
Foods that do not provide all the conditions that micro-organisms need to grow and multiply
## Footnote
Examples include dry foods and canned goods.
115
What is a spore?
A protective outer coating formed round a bacterial cell or a tiny reproductive unit produced by moulds
## Footnote
Spores enable bacteria and fungi to survive in harsh conditions.
116
What are toxins?
Another name for poisons
## Footnote
Toxins can be produced by certain bacteria and fungi.
117
True or False: Low-risk foods can support the growth of micro-organisms.
False
## Footnote
Low-risk foods do not provide the necessary conditions for micro-organisms.
118
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a tiny reproductive unit produced by moulds.
[spore]
119
What happens when conditions are right for a spore?
The bacterium remains inactive until the right conditions for growth return
## Footnote
This is a survival strategy for bacteria during unfavorable conditions.
120
How do high-risk foods impact micro-organisms?
They favour the growth and multiplication of micro-organisms
## Footnote
This increases the risk of foodborne illnesses.
121
What are mycotoxins
Poisons produced by moulds
122
123
What is the impact of moulds on food?
The development and presence of moulds on food make it unfit to eat, except for edible moulds like blue-veined and soft cheeses.
124
What are mycotains?
Mycotains are poisonous by-products produced by some pathogenic species of moulds that can contaminate food and harm humans and animals.
125
How are yeasts different from moulds?
Yeasts are single-celled fungi, while moulds are multicellular.
126
What is the optimum temperature range for yeast growth?
25°C to 30°C is the optimum temperature range for yeast growth.
127
What pH level is optimal for most yeasts?
pH4 - 4.5 (acidic) is the optimum pH for most yeasts.
128
What are the necessary conditions for yeast growth? List them.
* A suitable temperature
* A suitable pH
* A supply of moisture
* A supply of energy and nutrients
* The right level of oxygen
* Sufficient time
129
Fill in the blank: Yeasts require a suitable __________ for optimal growth.
[temperature]
130
True or False: All moulds are harmful to humans.
False
131
What type of nutrients do yeasts particularly require?
Carbohydrates
132
Fill in the blank: Some species of yeasts are __________, while others are anaerobic.
[aerobic]
133
What role do edible moulds play in food production?
They enhance the flavour and texture of foods like blue-veined and soft cheeses.
