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Vitamins Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Vitamin A Function

A 
vision
maintenance of cornea
epithelial cells
mucous membranes
skin
bone and tooth growth
regulation of gene expression
reproduction
immunity
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2
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), and blindness, impaired bone growth and easily decayed teeth; keratin lumps on the skin; impaired immunity

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3
Q

Vitamin A Toxicity

A

Acute: nausea, vomiting, headache, vertigo, blurred vision, uncoordinated muscles, increased pressure inside the skull, birth defects, liver abnormalities, bone abnormalities, brain and nerve disorders

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4
Q

Beta-carotene toxicity

A

harmless yellowing of skin

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5
Q

pre-cursor of vitamin D made in the ___ , the rest is formed in ___

A

skin, liver/kidneys

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6
Q

is vitamin D essential?

A

no

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7
Q

Functions of Vitamin D

A

mineralizing of bones and teeth (raise blood-calcium and phosphorous by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

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8
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (bowed legs, beaded ribs)

Osteomalacia (softened bones)

Osteoporosis

malformed teeth, muscle spasms

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9
Q

Vitamin D Toxicity

A

elevated blood-calcium levels,

calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues of joints), excessive thirst, headache, nausea, weakness

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10
Q

Vitamin D - food sources

A

fatty fish (salmon, mackerel)

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11
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

antioxidant (protects cell membranes, regulates oxidation reactions, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids)

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12
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

red blood cell breakage, nerve damage, anemia in infants,

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13
Q

Vitamin E Toxicity

A

Augments the effects of anti-clotting medication

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14
Q

Vitamin E - Food sources

A

safflower oil

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15
Q

Vitamin K FUnctions

A

synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

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16
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

seen in infants

hemorrhage, abnormal bone formation,

chronic antibiotic users (antibiotics kill bacteria in the gut - can cause deficiency)

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17
Q

Vitamin K Toxicity

A

opposes the effects of anti-clotting medication

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18
Q

Vitamin K Food sources

A

cabbage

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19
Q

gold standard for Vitamin E activity and what DRI’s are based off of

A

alpha-tocopherol

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20
Q

warfarin and vitamin K

A

interferes with the body’s ability to make vitamin K which interfere with protein creation

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21
Q

can vitamin K be made in the body?

A

yes, by the intestinal bacteria

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22
Q

toxic dose of synthetic Vit K

A

causes jaundice

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23
Q

at what speed are water soluble vitamins absorbed and excreted

A

fast

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24
Q

can water soluble vitamins be toxic?

A

no

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25
how to water soluble vitamins fare during cooking
easily destroyed or lost
26
Vitamin C deficiency associated with
scurvy
27
Vitamin C functions
Cofactor for enzymes (involved in formation and maintenance of collagen depend on Vitamin C for their activity) Antioxidant (body recycles Vit C for reuse) cannot cure the common cold, useless against heart disease, cancer and other disease. only needed if you are treating a deficiency restores vitamin E to active form supports immune system boosts iron absorption
28
S/Sx of scurvy
loss of appetite, growth cessation, tenderness, weakness, bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen ankles/wrists, pinpoint hemorrhages, anemia (citrus fruits help absorb iron), poor healing, infections,
29
who is at risk for scurvy
smokers, alcoholics, elderly, infants fed only cow's milk
30
Vitamin C- Toxicity
glucose intolerance, counteracts anti-clotting meds, kidney stones in susceptible individuals, iron overload, digestive upsets, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, rashes,
31
Vitamin C foodsources
OJ, best to eat fresh, raw, quickly cooked fruits and vegetables
32
B Vitamins working together
function as part of coenzymes, help the body use energy-yielding nutrients for energy; help metabolize carbohydrate, fat and protein, helps cell multiply
33
B Vitamins deficiencies
every cell is affected, rarely isolated deficiencies, nausea, exhaustion, irritable, depression, weight loss, pain in muscles, heart problems, impaired immune response, skin problems, swollen tongue, teary blood shot eyes, angular stomatitis
34
Thiamin (B Vitamin) roles
part of coenzyme active in energy metabolism, nerve cell function,
35
thiamin deficiency
beriberi (polished rice; wet/dry beriberi) alcohol abuse can cause deficiency enlarged heart, heart failure, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, poor short term memory, confusion, irritable, difficulty walking, paralysis, anorexia, weight loss
36
thiamin toxicity
none reported
37
thiamin food sources
enriched pasta,
38
Riboflavin (B Vitamin) functions
energy metabolisms
39
riboflavin deficiency
cracks and redness at corners of mouth, painful, smooth purplish red tongue, sore throat, inflamed eyes/eyelids, sensitivity to light, skin rashes
40
riboflavin foodsources
enriched breads/cereals easily destroyed by light
41
riboflavin toxicity
none reported
42
Niacin (B Vitamin) functions
energy metabolisms
43
Niacin deficiency
Pellagra, flaky skin rash, mental depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting
44
4 D's of pellagra
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
45
Niacin TOxicity
improves blood lipids, but causes niacin flush side effect, hives/rash, excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
46
niacin food sources
protein
47
Folate (B Vitamin) role
helps to synthesize DNA for new cell synthesis metabolisms of vit B12
48
Folate deficiency
anemia, diminished immunity, digestive problems, birth defects (neural tube defects), increased risk of certain cancers, most likely to interact with medications, weakness, fatigue, irritable, headache, mental confusion, depression, smooth/red tongue
49
folate toxicity
can mask a Vit B12 deficiency
50
folate food sources
leafy green veggies
51
Vitamin B12 functions
related to folate; each depends on the other for activation maintain sheath around nerve fibers
52
Vitamin B12 deficiency
nerve damage/paralysis, anemia that mimics folate deficiency (pernicious anemia - due to not enough intrinsic factor) fatigue, memory loss, disorientation,
53
Vitamin B12 foodsources
sirloin steak
54
Vitamin B12 toxicity
none reported
55
Vitamin B6 roles
participates in 100+ reactions amino acid metabolism - conversion of tryptophan to niacin - synthesis of hemoglobin and serotonin - assists in releasing glucose from glycogen - immune function and steroid hormone activity - critical to fetal neural development
56
Vitamin B6 deficiency
greasy flaky dermatitis, anemia, depression/confusion, convulsions abnormal brain was convulsions
57
Vitamin B6 Toxicity
numbness in feet, loss of sensation hands, unable to walk, depression, fatigue, impaired memory, irritable, headaches, skin lesions,
58
Vitamin B6 food sources
beef liver,
59
Calcium Functions
Mineralization of bones and teeth muscle contraction and relaxation nerve functioning blood clotting
60
calcium deficiencies
stunted growth and weak bones in children; bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults
61
Calcium toxicity
elevated blood calcium constipation interferes with absorption of other minerals increase risk of kidney stone formation
62
Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Sodium
2300 mg
63
sodium function
maintains volume of fluid outside of cells maintain acid-base balance essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission
64
Deficiency sodium
hyponatremia
65
sodium toxicity
high blood pressure, hypertension, heart disease, stroke | damaged lining of blood vessels
66
Potassium Functions
fluid and electrolyte balance, cell integrity nerve impulse transmission muscle (heart) contraction
67
Potassium Deficiency
muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion accompanies dehydration
68
Potassium Toxicity
muscle weakness vomiting for an infant given supplements or injected into an adult vein: Potassium can stop the heart
69
Potassium food sources
Banana
70
iodine functions
part of hormone, thyroxine
71
iodine deficiency
simple goiter | cretinisms
72
iodine toxicity
goiter
73
food sources
seafood, table salt
74
increase iron absorption
heme form of iron, vitamin C, MFP factor
75
hinder iron absorption
``` non-heme form of iron tea/coffee (tannins) calcium/phosphorous phitates fiber ```
76
iron deficiency
``` iron-deficiency anemia Mental symptoms (fatigue, annoyed, frustrated) Pica (craving chalk, clay, soil, etc) ```
77
DRI for Iron for females under age 50
18 mg/day
78
iron functions
carries oxygen, cellular metabolisms
79
iron deficiency
anemia, weakness, fatigue, headaches, impaired immunity, impaired mental and physical work performance, pale skin, nail beds, mucous membranes; concave nails; chills; pica
80
iron toxicity
GI distress with chronic iron overload, infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage
81
Iron food sources
Clams
82
zinc functions
activates many enzymes; associated with hormones; synthesis of genetic material and proteins, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, reproduction
83
zinc deficiency
growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite
84
zinc toxicity
loss of appetite, impaired immunity, reduced copper and iron absorption, low HDL cholesterol
85
zinc food sources
oysters, beef steak, yogurt

Vitamins (1 decks)

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